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CUTTER'S GUIDE to THE HOT SPRINGS OF ARKANSAS (39 Editions, 511,000 issuedi; MT. CLEMENS, MICH. i5 Editions, 

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Niagara Kail::,, Guieral View from New Suspension Bridge. 






^kALo^ 



Cuttkr's Guioe 



, TO . 



THE FALLS. 



0\"ER five hundred thousand visitors have the pleasure of 
viewing the Falls of Niagara every year. 

The many millions who annually pass by, either via Buffalo 
or Suspension Bridge, without stopping over at Niagara Falls, 
certainly cannot fully realize that they are losing the oppor- 
tunity, possibly of a lifetime, of beholding one of the grandest 
and most beautiful works of nature. 

Standing upon the brink of the precipice at Prospect Point, 
and taking the first good view of the Falls, every one is im- 
pressed with their majestic beauty and enormous power; and 
when they contemplate the immensity of the volume of water, 
the great depth of the chasm into which it makes its mad 
though graceful plunge, a mingled feeling of awe and admira- 
tion takes possession of the beholder. 

It is not our mission to attempt a flowery or classical descrip- 
tion of Niagara P'alls, but rather to guide the reader to the many 
points of observation from which they can be seen to the best 
advantage. By presenting a larger number of beautiful illus- 
trations than were ever before issued in any one publication, we 
seek to induce as many as possible to come to Niagara, and 
enjoy for themselves the pleasure of seeing the greatest cata- 
ract known to the civilized world. 

The finest writers in the English language — Dickens, Trol- 



lope, Thackeray and a host of others — have expended their 
best efforts at word-painting in attempting to set forth the 
beauties of Niagara. But words seem weak and powerless, 
and the great cataract baffles description. We can only hope, 
therefore, to make our descriptions acceptable to the reader 
by supplementing them with profuse illustrations. These 
are half-tone reproductions from the best photographs ob- 
tainable from leading photographers, or made by our own 
artist. 

But there are a few facts and figures to which we gladly call 
the attention of our readers, that tliey may more clearly under- 
stand the power and magnitude of Niagara. It is bv com- 
parison only that we can fully comprehend them. It has been 
estimated, that the average amount of water flowing over the 
Falls is 296,000,000 cubic feet every twenty-four hours, which is 
said to represent a force equal to the same amount of power 
produced from two hundred thousand tons of coal: the daily 
output of all the coal mines in the world. 

When we consider that competent engineers estimate the 
theoretical power of these Falls to be from five million to six 
million horse power, and that all the water mills of the I'nited 
States have only developed an amount equal to about one-fifth 
of this immense force, we are again led far beyond ordinary 



(3) 




UJ 



American Fall, irum i-'rospect Point. 




Birdseye View of Goat Island and American Rapids. 




tb) 



General View from "The Clifton.' 



comprehension, as to the great power of these grand and 
beautiful Falls. 

The American Falls are about looo feet wide, including the 
Bri<lal Veil or Central Fall, and the height is 164 feet; the 
rapids above these Falls have a fall of forty feet within one 
half a mile. These falls are more permanent than are the 
Horseshoe Falls, the recession for the last half centurv being 
hardly perceptible, probably owing to the fact that the volume 
of water is not sufficient to remove the large boulders upim 
which it descends, and they in turn protect the under stratum 
of soft shale from washing away. 

The Horseshoe I-'alls, frequently called the Canadian, ha\e 
a contour of about 2. 75:0 feet (the survey of 1886 showed them to 
be 2,600), and are 158 feet high; the Canadian rapids have a fall 
of fifty-five feet in tliree-quarters of a mile before reaching the 
crest of the Falls. The xolume of water passing over this Fall 
is estimated to be from three-quarters to four-fifths greater than 
that over the American, antl the depth of the water at the 
crest to be from two to twenty feet; (one to fourteen we think 
to be nearer correct). The recession of this Fall is very rapid, 
and those who have known them from twenty-five to fifty years 
notice a very material change. The name was first given to 
this Fall on account of its form resembling that of a horseshoe, 
but it is so no Jonger, as it now more closely resembles the let- 
ter V; and the recession which has caused this change of form 
is slowly destroying its beauty, as the greater volume of water 
is attracted to the center and is thus gradually being drained 
from the sides. 

Geologists say that this recession, if continued at the present 
rate, will eventually drain the American Falls and leave what 
is now the American rapids a bare, rocky strip between Goat 
Island and Prospect Park. But as this will probably not take 
place until after the recession has caused the Falls to pass Goat 
Island, several thousand years from now, we trust that none of 
our friends will defer their visit to Niagara Falls on that ac- 
count. 

We desire to call the attention of every visitor to the "air 
explosions," which occur at intervals of from five to twenty-five 
seconds, those showing the greatest force and most readily jjer- 
ceived being from the center of the cataract. This phencjm- 
enon is of recent discovery, and it is to this that the greatest 
cause for the recession is now attributed. Further mention of 
the subject will be found elsewhere in this work. 




American Falls, from Below. 



(7) 




The Gorge, Victoria Park, and "The Clifton." from New Suspension Bridge. 



HOW NIAGARA CAN BEST BE SEEN. 




loo many come to this resort expecting to see all 
that to their minds is worth seeing, in a very few 
hours, and then liasten to the station to catch the 
next train. These people are more wise than those 
who are satisfied with a hurried glimpse of the Falls from 
trains which pass in sight, but at a distance, but do not stop 
off even for an hour; and even these are wiser than those 
who pass from east to west, or zn're 7vrsa, and do not select a 
route that will take them within sight of this great cataract. 

A mere sight of the Falls from the car window is far 
better than not to see them at all; but a few hours spent at 
the Falls is a thousand per cent better yet; though the wise 
ones who spend several days here, have the pleasure of 
seeing them in all their beauties and from the best points of 
observation, and are thus able to fully appreciate them. 

To intelligently decide how best to see Niagara, it is 
necessary to determine how long a time can be spent at 
sightseeing before planning what to see first. We will there- 
fore give a description of the routes and bytrips for the 
benefit of those who conclude to remain several days, confi- 
dent that many of our readers who planned only for a few 
hours' stay will continue their visit longer. 

After being comfortably located at your hotel, take a walk 
or ride to Prospect Park, and a good view of the Cataracts 
from Hennepin View and Prospect Point; at each of these 
places you can spend twenty minutes or an hour enjoying 
a feast for the eyes well worth traveling around the world to 
behold. 

If your arrival is in the morning, after taking in these 
views you will have time enough for the sights in and about 
Prospect Park to occupy your mind until luncheon or early 
dinner; if it is afternoon, and these sights have been enjoyed, 
and after a short ramble around the Park, your mind and 
bodv can well afford to rest for the dav; but we would not 



be surprised if you desired to see the Falls again, possibly 
by twilight or moonlight. 

The points of observation mentioned are usually the first 
to which the visitor is taken when riding, but as the time re- 
quired for a satisfactory view from these places, which are 
considered the best on the American side, from which the 
Falls, the Gorge and the surrounding scenery can be 
admired, it should be as near an hour as circumstances will 
admit, and to keep a carriage in waiting, at an expense of 
one dollar per hour, is a matter which some may be disposed 
to consider. 

The next trip will be over the bridges to the Islands. As 
this route is a little more than two miles from Prospect Park, 
and a number of stops should be made in order to do it well, at 
least two hours' time should be devoted to it; our readers 
can best determine for themselves if they piefer to ride or 
walk. The Park carriages make this trip, giving the 
privilege to stop over at any point on this route and to 
resume seats in another of the carriages. The first is Bath 
Island, reached by a bridge over the rapids, thence by another 
bridge to Goat Island, so named because at an early day a 
number of these animals were pastured here. The popular 
drive around this Island is to the right, and the following 
are the points of interest to be visited, in the order named, 
and as much time can be devoted to each as the individual 
visitor may deem necessary: — 

Luna Island is reached after a short drive or walk, thence 
by a path leading down by the sides of the bank to the 
bridge, or a stairway from Steadman's Point leading to the 
same, (better take the path and return by the stairway). At 
Luna Island fifteen minutes time can be very pleasantly 
spent. 

On returning to the cliff by the stairway, you are at 
Steadman's Bluff, from which several grand views are tn be 



(9) 




Prospect Park and Island Bridges. 



had. One or two hundred feet further on, following the line 
of Steadman's cliff, brings you to the office of the "Cave 
of the Winds," and twenty minutes or half an hour can be 
spent here in taking the romantic trip thiough and around 
the cave. Do not fail to visit it if you can spare the time, 
and the dollar expense necessary. The drivers of hacks and 
carriages may not encourage this, as they receive no com- 
mission from the receipts, but do not heed them, even 
though they advise otherwise, as the trip is an adventure 
and experience well worth the time and expense. 

Continuing along the road which skirts the cliff a few 
hundred feet, we reach Porter's Bluff, where the first near 
view of the Horseshoe Falls is to be had on the Island by 
the route taken. From here a stairway leads down to the path 
to Terrapin Point, where many years ago was built a stone 
tower, which after long and constant use was torn down be- 
cause it was considered dangerous. At this point it will be 
well for the visitor to observe the little signboards of the 
commissioners, which read, "Do not venture in dangerous 
places." But this need not intimidate the visitor so much 
as to prevent the enjoyment of viewing the grand sights be- 
fore him, as this is the nearest accessible point to the center 
of the Horseshoe Falls, and the scenery is grand beyond 
description. 

Returning to Porter's Bluff, the road is continued along 
the edge of the rapids, four or five hundred yards, to the 
entrance to the Three Sister Islands, which are reached by 
the three bridges, photos, of which we have reproduced in 
the group on the opposite page. On the Sister Islands a 
half hour can be very pleasantly spent viewing the little cas- 
cades between the islands and the great Canadian rapids, of 
which a grand sight is to be had from the third island of 
this cluster. 

Returning across these bridges to the road on Goat 
Island, it is followed around the upper end, which it circles 
to the point where the waters divide; part going to the 
American and the greater quantity to the Horseshoe Falls; 
from here we follow the former towards the rapids, and all 



the way to the place of entrance on the island, noticing the 
pretty views of the Park and the city, and watching the 
rough and tempestuous waters, which but a few moments 
before we witnessed calmly and peacefully parting from their 
sweethearts with a kiss; now in their mad, wild fury they 
are hastening to be the first to make the desperate leap of 
the cataract and to meet their loved ones in the deep chasm 
of the gorge below the Falls. 

With the return to Prospect Park, or the city, ends 
route number one. 

For route number two, we will take a trip over the new 
Suspension Bridge to Ontario. The fare over this bridge is 
15 cents for the round trip or 10 cents for one way. From 
the bridge one of the very best general views of the two 
Falls, Goat Island, the Parks and adjacent scenery is to be 
had. The floor of this bridge is one hundred and ninety 
feet above the water, and the sensation in crossing is one of 
awe, which is speedily dispelled in admiration of the sur- 
rounding scenery. 

After crossing the bridge and passing a short distance to 
the left, Victoria Niagara Falls Park is reached. From its 
borders on the cliff a magnificent view of the Falls is to be 
seen; probably the best from any point, as it is immediately 
opposite the American Falls, and affords the best general 
sight of the Horseshoe Falls as well. The place from 
which this grand view is to be had is named Inspiration 
Point. If this trip is taken on foot, numerous places can 
be found where seats and shelter are provided, and where 
ample time can be spent in feasting upon the grandeur of 
the scenery. 

If riding, the scenes can be enjoyed while the ride con- 
tinues through the Park to the Dufferin Islands, a romantic 
locality, as the names of its " Lover's Retreat," " Rambler's 
Rest," "Lover's Walk," etc., fulh' attest. For the walk or 
ride through Dufferin Islands a fee of 10 cents is charged 
for pedestrians, 50 cents for conveyances drawn by two 
horses, and 25 cents for those drawn by one horse. 

One half hour or more can be enjoyed on these islands. 



(i.l> 




The Whirlpool. 



At the end of Lover's Retreat is to be seen the grandest 
view of the Canadian Rapids, which are one mile wide, and 
nearly the same distance in length. Many of the big waves 
are to be seen dashing their spray twenty feet high, remind- 
ing one of the seashore in rough weather, and making a 
panorama of which one seldom tires. 

A short distance beyond these islands is the Burning 
Spring, well worthy of a visit, and for which a fee of 50 
cents is charged; it is a strong sulphur spring from which a 
large quantity of gas escapes. This is ignited by an at- 
tendant, first as it flows through a long gas pipe, which when 
lighted makes a brilliant blaze; and afterwards as it bubbles 
up through the water in the spring, setting fire, as it were, to 
the water. The spring is situated in a darkened room, mak- 
ing a very pretty sight as the flame illumines the darkness. 

From here those in conveyances can return by the same 
route or over a Canadian country road, passing I^oretto Con- 
vent, through the old village of Drummondsville, a pretty 
suburb of Niagara, to the Lundy's Lane battle field. Plere a 
tower has been erected from which, for a fee of 25 cents, 
an excellent view of the surrounding country can be seen; 
thence returning by the old village of Clifton, now Niagara 
Falls South ( Ontario ), then over the new Suspension Bridge 
to the hotel. Thus ends route number two. 



THE TRIP DOWN THE GORGE. 

THE deep and indescribably wild gorge, which in the cen- 
turies past has been worn into the rocky formation of the 
earth's surface, beginning at the Lewiston Mountain or the 
Niagara escarpment, and winding backward to the Falls, is 
one of the most interesting places in tlie world. The early 
history of this gorge is tilled with blood-curdling incidents, 
thrilling struggles for supremacy between the Indians and the 
settlers, and the roar of musketry of the battles between 
French, Indians, English and Americans as they each strug- 
gled to dispossess the other of this valued territory. Many 
places along the banks at the verge of the gorge show evi- 



dences of having once been the scene of battle, and even now 
traces of earthworks of improvised fortresses are to be found. 
The Niagara gorge is seven miles in length from the Falls to 
Lewiston, and its dejith above the water level increases from 
164 feet at the Falls, to 300 feet five miles below. Nature 
has prepared many wonderfully beautiful and picturesque 
scenes for the visitor ; scenes that can be viewed many times 
before the eye wearies of the repetition. 

Directly below the waterfall, the water of the Niagara river is 
variously estimated to be 100 to 250 feet in depth in the main 
channel, and for nearly two miles, about one-quarter of a mile 
in width. Here it moves along slowly, and is navigated by 
the steamer " Maid of the Mist." 

The cars of the Niagara Falls and Lewiston Railway, known 
as the "Gorge Route," which start from Prospect Park at 
Falls street every fifteen minutes during the season, enter the 
gorge about half a mile above the railroad bridges and the 
head of the Whirlpool Rapids, and as the cars wind their way 
downward along the serpentine tracks of the incline, the pas- 
senger sees below him the great gorge ; to the south a most 
beautiful \ iew of the Falls in the distance, and to the north 
the mammoth cantilever bridge of the Michigan Central and 
the new steel arch bridge of the Grand Trunk railway. As the 
bottom of the incline is reached, the gorge suddenly narrows, 
and the immense volume of wat^r, forced into the narrow 
defile, bursts into a fury and roars wildly as it dashes the waves 
high in the air and at a terrible speed rushes toward the whirl- 
pool. The transformation seems almost incredible. Passing 
"Rapids \'iew" under the bridges, then the Whirlpool Rapids 
and "Observation Rock," the tracks wind along beside the 
mad waters to the Whirlpool, where a stop is made. The 
peculiar phenomenon of the waters caused by the sudden chang- 
ing of the currents and the mad rushing stream from above, 
combined with the beautiful picture presented by the verdure- 
covered rocks of the ravine, makes a stop well worth the time 
spent. 

From the Whirlpool the river surges away to the north 
again; beginning here what is called the "Devil's Hole Rapids," 
and tumbling and leaping through the narrow confines, each 



(15) 








(l6) 



The New Single Arch Steel Bridge, Liirina Irunk Railway. 




Horseshoe Fall and Islands, from Canada. 




(i8) 



American Rapids. 



wave jostles tlie next o\ er the biij rcicks that make the stream 
a most perilous one, and with a current ahnost equal to that 
of the Upper Rapiils. The picture is an inspiring one, anil not 
to be forgotten. Three hundred feet above, are to be seen the 
grotesque faces of the rock, seeming to threaten the ad\entnr- 
ous ones below; beside the tracks the waters lashed into foam, 
and beyontl, the Canadian shore, less steep, and co\ ered with 
nearly everv known species of tree and flower in its native 
state. Below the Whirlpool is Drinker's Park, a shady, moss- 
grown resting place, named after Capt. Brinker, the founder and 
president of the road. A little beyond this park and just op- 
posite the historical "Foster's Flats" on the Canadian shore, is 
Giant Rock, a monster boulder that stands aloof from the 
mountain, outside of and overhanging the railroad. The "Sen- 
tinel," another large boulder, jirojects far above the rushing 
waters of the rapids near by. "Ihe " Devil's Hole" beyond this 
point is the most interesting and historical of all stopping 
places. From the car the ravine of the Bloody Run may be 
seen, and 300 feet above, the " Devil's Pulpit " from which ledge 
200 British soldiers were hurled over the bluff by the Seneca 
Indians. Winding along the rugged shore the tracks pass 
manv interesting ravines, over streams, the waters of which are 
whitened by the minerals from the rocky caves whence they 
flow, and finallv under the old earthworks of Fort Gray, which 
was occupied bv the American army during the war of 1812, 
and opposite which is seen the towering "Oueenston Heights," 
where stands the monument to Gen. Brock, killed in the Battle 
of Queenston in 1812. From mountain to mountain are 
stretched the few remaining strands of the Lewiston suspension 
fjridge, wrecked many years ago by se\ere winds, and which 
was once the crossing place of travelers between New York 
and the west. The Gorge line here emerges from the deep 
canon, upon the broad plateau through which the river sweeps 
majesticallv into Lake Ontario seven miles north, and the 
traveler flnds himself in sleepy old Lewiston, where the flsher- 
man.the lover of the historical and the student of nature may all 
he satisfied alike. This trip may be taken in 40 minutes, re- 
turning in the same time. The better way is to secure stop- 
over checks (which are issued without extra cost) for Rapids 



\'iew, Butterv Whirlpool Rapids, Hrinker's Park .ind Devil's 
Hole, in order to study the beauty and grandeur of tlicsc places. 
This round trip costs sixty cents. We would advise the visitor 
to follow the Niagara to the lake for a visit to old Fort Niagara, 
Voungstown, and beautiful Niagara-on-the-Lake. The Lewis- 
ton S: Youngstown Frontier electric line makes direct connec- 
tions with Gorge cars, carrying passengers to Youngstown. 
Round trip thirty-five cents. Ferry to Niagara on the Lake 
fifteen cents each way. Steamers of the Niagara Navigation 
Co. plv between these points and Toronto, electric cars con- 
necting. 

A TRIP TO OLD FORT NIAGARA. 

ONE of the most interesting short journeys to be taken 
out of Niagara Falls, is via the Lewiston and Youngs- 
town Frontier Railway, from the river front at Lewiston, 
where connections are made with the Gorge cars, the New 
York Central trains, the steamers of the Niagara Naviga- 
tion Company and the Oueenston ferry. The "Old Fort 




Wreck of the Old Suspension Bridge. 



(19) 




'Hii; 



.if- 




i:^ 



'^•*i ^ 



* 



,:.«Rr-r 



<5^ 




11411 



(20) 



The American Falls in Winter. 




m:^ 




^■■ 



ttH«-*v*Mrtirth- 





The Horseshoe Falls i Early Winteri, 




(22) 



The American Falls from the Canadian Shore. 







4 


^^^^^^^^^^^^V^-^^^ ^' '^^^^^^^^^^^1 


^^^^^^^HM^T 





Old Fort Niagara. 



Route," as it is known, winds 
up the hill into Main street of 
historic old Lewiston, and the 
visitor is in the heart of what 
was at one time the greatest 
port of entry on this frontier, 
and which, from the earliest his- 
tory known, has been the most 
important portage of the Niag- 
ara, being on the direct line be- 
tween New York and Detroit. 
Far up on the bluff to the north, 
stands the old Barton homestead, 
the first residence on which was 
erected by Major Benj. Barton, 
whose appointment in the Ameri- 




The Old French Castle. 
(23) 



can army was made by President 
Madison, and who for many years 
associated with Gen. Porter and 
Judge Porter in the ownership of 
much of the property along the 
frontier. An interesting feature 
to-day is the old elm tree which 
guards the entrance to the gate at 
the homestead, and about which 
is woven a pretty romance. This 
tree was once a riding whip in 
the hands of the charming young 
wife of Major Barton, on the day 
when she rode on her favorite 
saddle beast from Geneva to join 
her husband at her new home 



early in iSo6. The madame, half in jest, planted the whip 
on the hillside and it stands to-day, gnarled and knotted, 
having escaped the destruction which followed the invasion 
of the British and Indians in the war of 1812. On, 
through the scenes of the historic struggles between the 
French, British, Indians and Americans, and past the old 
Frontier House, which since its erection in 1824-5, has 
been until recent years the most important hostelry in 
this region. Many brilliant assemblages have been seen 
in the once richly decorated ball room, and men who have 
made the history of the world have been its guests. This 
was the stage coach headquarters for Western New York, 
and in the Masonic Hall, on the upper floor, it is said 
William Morgan was tried for infidelity to the order. 

At the turn of the railway may be seen, a short distance 
further east, the ancient Lewiston Academy, long since 
abandoned, but which was the seat of learning in Western 
New York in the early part of the century. The trip con- 
tinues through the finest of farm lands and endless orchards 
laden with the choicest of fruit, and into the town of Youngs- 
town, where for one hundred years there was no cessation of 
blood-curdling events. After passing the steamer landing 
and the El Dorado Hotel, the line enters the confines of old 
Fort Niagara. Here in 1678, LaSalle, LaMotte, Fr. Henne- 
pin and fourteen other French adventurers landed from Lake 
Frontenac (Ontario), and in the midst of a Seneca Indian 
village established a trading post, which later on was 
converted into a block house. This being the kej- to the 
possession of the lake region, the French made several 
unsuccessful attempts to gain the consent of the Indians to 
establish fortifications, and in 1720 erected, partly through 
deception, a block house at Lewiston, five years later by 
permission, establishing what is now known as the old 
" French Castle," the first stone building at Fort Niagara. 

During the war of the Rebellion many of the most des- 
tructive of the British expeditions were sent out from Niag- 
ara. It is said that William Morgan, the offending member 
of the Masonic fraternity, was last seen alive in the dun- 



geon of the old castle, and Porter's History of Fort Niagara 
gives a detailed account of the disappearance of Morgan 
and the consequent political strife in New York state. 

Opposite the fort is to be seen fort Mississauga and Ni- 
agara-on-the-Lake, a popular Canadian summer resort, and 
near the fort is said to be the best fishing grounds on the 
Niagara frontier. On a clear day the scenery surpasses 
that of many western valleys, and this adds intensit)' to the 
pleasures of the journey. At the terminus of the road is a 
large grove of 30 acres which is used as a picnic ground. 



THE WHIRLPOOL RAPIDS. 

■pEGINNING at a point just below the great railroad 
^ bridges, the Niagara river which, below the Falls and 
to this point, moves along in a sleepy way, is compressed 
into a narrow defile and begins its descent to the lake twelve 
miles below, along a declining and rocky bed which lashes 
the water into an indescribable fury for many miles. The 
distance from the head of the Rapids to the Whirlpool is one 
of the most turbulent and treacherous waterways in the world 
and but two floating craft ever dared to attempt the journey 
down the incline. The feat was successfully accomplished 
by the old steamer "Maid of the Mist" several N-ears ago, 
and a life boat built by Mr. C. A. Perry, of Suspension 
Bridge, who made tlie trip successfully. Two human beings 
have attempted to stem this awful tide, and one, a local 
adventurer escaped alive, although insensible from the buf- 
feting of the waves and only prevented from sinking by a 
liberal quantity of cork life belts. The other, Captain 
Matthew Weblj, the once famous English swimmer, at- 
tempted the trip on the afternoon of July 24, 1883, and 
met death in the waves, it being generally believed that life 
was crushed out of the luckless fellow in the monster waves 
that rise to an estimated height of thirty feet, at brief 
intervals, just opposite the Buttery elevators on the Ameri- 
can side and the incline railway on the Canadian side. The 



124) 




Whirlpool Rapids. 

water of the Rapids is said to be very deep and tra\els at 
the rate of thirty miles an hour, the terrible force swinging 
the main current backward and forward from side to side 
like a drunken thing, careening one wave against the next, 
until the spectacle becomes at once grand and awe-in- 
spiring. 

The mad rushing of the waters churns and dashes the 
weaves first heavenward in snow white spray, then merci- 
lessly against the rocks that jut out into the boiling stream, 
until, pounded into a living mass of foam, it empties into 
the Whirlpool three-quarters of a mile below the bridges. 

To get the most comprehensive view of the Rapids the 
visitor should spend several minutes, the longer the better, 
on the Buttery observation rock, which is on a natural level 
with the water just at the foot of the Buttery elevators. 
No fee is charged for occupying the rock, but to travel up or 
down the elevators a distance of 300 feet, a fee of 50 cents 
is charged for the round trip. The Rapids may be viewed 



from the Rapids View platform just below the bridges, or 
from the Canadian shore, which is reached by an inclined 
railway. 

THE DEVIL'S HOLE. 

TVTO more interesting or historic place is to be found than 
-'■^ this weird and enchanting spot about three miles below 
the Falls. Here a grisled old rock projects out over the 
gorge below, keeping guard on the rushing waters of the 
Devil's Hole Rapids that roar and wind in and out along the 
picturesque valley known as the gorge of Niagara. This 
monster rock is 300 feet above the water, and the top is as 




(25) 



' Devil's Hole." 







level as a floor. Here it was that a supply train of the 
British army traveling from Fort Niagara to Fort Schlosser, 
September 14, 1763, was stopped to allow the soldiers to en- 
joy their noon repast and view the beauties of the valley be- 
fore them. Muskets had hardly been dispensed with and 
the dinner begun, when the outposts were laid low with a 
murderous fire from several hundred muskets in the hands 
of a band of treacherous Seneca fndians who lay in ambush. 
The redskins closed upon the unarmed men and drove them 
off the precipice or murdered them with tomahawk or 
knife, until the little stream that fell in beautiful cascades 
down into the ravine beside the towering rock, ran red with 
the blood of the victims. To this day the big flat rock is 
known as the Devil's Pulpit and the stream as Bloody Run. 
Historians differ in stating the number of British killed in 
that massacre, but it is generally agreed that more than 200 
men were in the detachment. John Steadman, commander 
of the wagon train, escaped on a fleet-footed horse, a drum- 
mer boy named Matthews fell into the forked top of a tree 
in the gorge and escaped, and a wounded wagon man es- 
caped by hiding in the bushes. A detachment of soldiers 
in camp at Lewiston marched to the scene and met the same 
reception at the hands of the red men, only eight escaping 
to tell the tale. 

A winding stairway now leads into the ravine, a fee of 
25 cents being charged for admission. The ravine is one 
of the most refreshing spots to be found, and the narrow 
walk along the face of the rocks takes the visitor to the 
Devil's Hole, now a cleft in the rock about 30 feet deep, and 
at the further end of which is a spring from whence the 
sweetest of cold water flows the year round. It is necessary 
to stoop low to enter the cave, but several persons may stand 
erect within the main chamber. In front of the opening 
stands a large boulder called Ambush Rock, and which at 
one time covered completely the mouth of this retreat, mak- 
ing an impregnable fortress. It is stated by the older set- 
tlers that before the engineers of the New York Central rail- 
road began blasting in the vicinity, the Devil's Hole cave 



'The Devils Pulpit.' 



(26) 



extended three quarters of a mile into the rock and had 
often been explored. The interior of the cave appeared to 
have been cut out by rough instruments, and it is believed 
was formed by some pre-historic race. A winding walk 
leads to the old Council Rock at the head of the long stair- 
way, and around which it is said the friendly chiefs of the 
Five Nations for many years held their councils or "pow- 
wow's " over the affairs of state. A pathway almost hidden 
by moss takes the adventurous to the lost channel of Bloody 
Run, where the little stream disappears under the rocks, but 
which was once a beautiful cascade. In this ravine and the 
bed of the stream, relics of the battles of the eighteenth 
century are often found. Stairways lead to the rapids and 
tracks of the Gorge railway below. 



INTO THE HEART OF NIAGARA. 



danjj^er; and when in a few seconds more the steamer floats 
backward upon the foam-whitened waves, and the passenger 
realizes that before him is one of the grandest pictures ever 
painted by Nature and one which defies the brush of the most 
skillful artist to reproduce, he experiences a sense of pleasure 
when for the second time the bow of the steamer is turned 
toward the falls and enters again. 

.'\bove, nearly 200 feet, the ri\er empties her green water 
over the brink of the precipice, and as it breaks into foam in 
its terrific descent, it gives forth a roar, the power of which is 
indescribable. Into this storm center the little boat ploughs 
her way, and to the very verge of the roaring, seething mass of 
water that falls with resistless force into the pit below. The 
spray clouds dash about from side to side, and the compres- 
sion of air often sends the spray high above the great falls, 
making the picture the more beautiful. Below, the water is 
churned into a river of "black and green and white, a boiling 



A LTHOUGH many thousands of visitors to Niagara Falls 
■^^ view the great cataracts from above, and from many 
points, yet it is truly said that no one has seen Niagara in all 
its glory, no one can accurately measure or understand the 
power of the great waterfall, until he has taken a trip on the 
little steamer "Maid of the Mist." 

To reach the steamer from the American side there is a 
long incline with free stairway for foot passengers, and com- 
fortable cars upon which passengers are carried for ten cents 
down and back. The landing on the Canadian side is reached 
in a similar way. On board the steamer, the passenger is fur- 
nished with a comhirtable rubber suit, and, encased in water- 
proof from head to foot, he is stationed on the upper deck to 
drink in the beauties of the scenes about to transpire. 

The feeling that possesses the passenger on board the little 
steamer as she enters the great cauldron at the foot of the 
Horsehoe Falls is apt to be one of .timidity, and he instinc- 
tively draws back from the rail of the boat and closes his eyes 
as the little boat faces the torrents of spray and rides over the 
seething water into the verv heart of Niagara. But there is no 




Steamer "Maid of the Mist.' 



(27) 








Y->«fe:-^' ^, 














{[» 






) 




Winter View, American Falls from Goat Island. 



(28) 



The Cave of the Winds in Winter. 




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■<jii 



I 



; X- 



WVm 






i 



.IWm 



rr ^^^^^ 




liu 



-M^^i^/ 



, , 'i.'fllk^*« 



i*^, 







The Ice Mountain. 



(29) 




i 



I > 










'.*^^ 









•^ 



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. ju ♦ »»^?<.~; 






(30 J 



The Ice Bridge. 



stream of molten malachite;" and as it escapes from the caul- 
dron whence it falls, it boils and seethes like a mad thing as it 
tumbles about and rolls away into the stream beyond. Then 
the pilot turns his craft away, and the passenger, at first so 
timid, leaves behind him the grandest of scenes, and as he 
watches the picture dissolve in the distance, resolves to repeat 
the experience as often as opportunity offers. 

The steamer is a staunch little craft and rides the turbulent 
water like a feather. As she passes the American Falls the 
great white clouds of mist dash over the boat, and sometimes 
seem to envelop her completely. The bright sun peeping 
through the mist forms little rainbows, and each passenger 
sees, starting out from beside his very feet, a tiny colorbow, 
dancing away in the clouds and returning again until one is 
encircled as in a halo of glory. As the boat leaves the first 
falls, the bow becomes larger and larger, until it is swallowed 
up m distance and one sees above him the monster shafts of 
roaring water tumbling one over the other in their rollicking 
way. 

The steamers are under careful management, and are an- 
nually licensed and inspected by the commissioners of both 
Canadian and American reservations. The cost of the trip is 
fifty cents. 

THE CAVE OF THE WINDS. 

THIS is one of the favorite attractions at Niagara. It is 
situated beneath the Central Falls, which are formed 
by the waters which flow between Luna and Goat Islands, 
and are at the extreme western side of the American cascade. 

It is formed out of the rocky cliff through the action of 
the water, which has cut out the lower and softer formations, 
leaving the upper a solid mass of Niagara limestone; this 
forms a roof and one side of the Cave, the outside of it being 
a beautiful sheet of falling water, which here veils from view 
the outside world. 

It is reached from Goat Island, where offices and recep- 
tion rooms are found at the edge of the cliff, about one hun- 



dred feet west from the edge of the Central Falls. Here are 
provided dressing rooms for each se.x, where a change of attire 
is made for the water-proof suits. Trusty guides and assist- 
ants are in attendance, one of the former having been on 
duty at the Cave for thirty-eight years, and has never known 
of but one accident in all that time; and this through the 
recklessness of the unfortunate man. Many think he delib- 
erately committed suicide. 

The Biddle stairs lead from the office to the pathway at 
the foot of the cliff; along this path the guide conducts the 
visitor to the edge of the Cave. Here the choice of two 
routes is given, one through the Cave and around the path- 
way built of planks and timber, forming bridges and steps 
which pass over little miniature falls, around big boulders, 
and over rushing waters, and through a crack in the "Rock 
of Ages," which has been "cleft in twain," to the place of 
beginning. Or the route by the plank walk can be taken first 
and then the trip through tlie Cave of the Winds to the end 
of the journey. 

We recommend the latter route, because if a feeling of 
timidity is felt about entering the Cave at first, it is apt to 
pass away by the time the Cave is reached from the other 
side, and the trip through it can then be taken with pleasure; 
and it will never be forgotten or regretted. It is the most 
awe-inspiring journey, for a short one, we have ever 
taken. 

The Cave of the Winds is about one hundred feet long, 
twenty to seventy-five feet wide and one liundred feet liigh. 
The cataracts create a strong current of air, which in this 
particular locality finds the only accessible opening behind 
the Falls, and the air pressure in the Cave is so great that 
it is forced out with the force of a cyclone, the currents in 
the center have the velocity of a tornado, drifting the mist 
and spray from the Falls as a Dakota blizzard does the 
snow; hence the name. Cave of the Winds. 

The price of admittance is one dollar, including attend- 
ance, guide and use of suits. The guide, however, usually 
anticipates the regulation tip. 



(31) 




Lewiston, from Queenston Heights.— Steamer "Chippewa. 



EXCURSIONS BY WATER. 

1^0 Resort City on the continent offers more 
opportunities for pleasure trips than Niag- 
ara. When the tourist has completed the "sight- 
seeing" about the Falls, and starts out to view 
the historic country hereabouts, it is well to plan 
a trip by water to Toronto, the flower of the 
Province of Ontario. The traveler may make 
the journey by electric car from Clifton, on the 
Canadian side, to Queenston, along the brink of 
the Niagara Gorge, past Brock's monument and 
the battlefield of Queenston Heights, to the 
docks of the Niagara River Line : or may leave 
Niagara Falls or Suspension Bridge via the 
CJorge Route or New York Central observation 
trains to Lewiston, on the American side, taking 
the delightful ride down the Niagara river as it 
sweeps into Lake Ontario, seven miles away ; or 
may continue the trolley trip on to Youngstown, 
on the American side, and embark from Niagara- 
on-the-Lake. If desired, the trip may be made 
via the Michigan Central from the Canadian side 
down to Niagara-on-the-Lake. The water trip is 
made at convenient hours by one of three hand- 
some steel steamships of the Niagara Navigation 
Company, the Chicora, the Corona or the Chip- 
pewa, all of which are fitted out with complete 
electrical appliances and modern conveniences, 
and the trip across the lake, thirty-two miles 
from the mouth of Niagara river, occupies about 
three hours. 

By leaving Niagara Falls early in the morning 
and embarking in the first steamer out from 
Lewiston or Queenston, the visitor has six hours 
in Toronto, and returns in time to connect via 
any of the several lines for the F"alls, carrying 
memories of a delightful trip and a vigorous ap- 
petite for dinner. 

(32) 



Many excursionists who have not the time to visit Toronto 
embark at Oueenston or Lewiston and make the river trip to 
the mouth of the river, where on either side of the bay are to 
be found the relics of the battles of the olden times, when the 
powers were struggling for control of this territory. On the 
American side is Youngstown, the scene of many bloody battles; 
and old Fort Niagara, once the scat of the French power in 
America, and which is now garrisoned. There is also to be 
seen a life-saving corps, with exhibitions several days a week, 
and an excellent military band which gives daily concerts. 

On the Canadian shore is Niagara-on-the-Lake, the (.)ueen's 



Royal Hotel and resort, old Fort Mississaugua on the Lake, old 
Fort George, erected by the British, and the new Chautauqua 
grounds and buildings. The return to the gorge may be made 
on any of the company's steamers, or by trolley cars of the 
Lewiston and Youngstown Frontier railroad, on the American 
side. 

The steamship company has prepared a handsome little 
book, " How to See Toronto." giving details of the trips to be 
taken aboard their ships, and aiding in the selection of hotels 
while there, which will be sent those addressing Mr. John F"oy, 
General Manager, at Toronto. 



AN E)EAL SUMMER RESORT. 



A MORE ideal spot could not be found for spending the sum- 
-^~*- mer months than that quaint little town, Niagara-on-the- 
Lake. Here exery foot of ground is interesting to the lover of 
the early history of the struggles and triumphs of the British, and 
replete with relics and reminders of those bloody days. Op- 
posite is the garrison U. S. Fort Niagara, sacred to the Ameri- 
cans, as a localitv whose everv nook and corner has a place in 
the history of those early battles for supremacy, so far back as 
the sixteenth century. Between old Fort Niagara and the 
Canadian shore the placid waters of the Niagara river just 
mingle with those of Lake Ontario. This spot first became 
important in 1750, when the British erected earthworks and 
attacked the French from here (then known as Montreal Point), 
which moxement resulted in the British gaining possession of 
Niagara after a siege of many days. Later in the century the 
broad point jutting out into the green waters of the lake 
became an important military post, and was known variously 
as West Niagara, Butlersburg, Loyal Milage and Newark; and 
here, after the organization of "L^pper Canada," when the 
rebellion had settled the question of ownership of the LInited 
States, the hrst parliament was convened. Here, in 1796 the 
British erected Fort George, the earthworks of which are still 
undisturbed, and which occupied a prominent position among 
the British fortifications during the war of 1812. In the year 
named, the capital of Canada was remo\ed from Newark to 
Toronto. Durmg the war of 1812, Fort George was several 
times under heavy fire from the American fort and the village 



ol Newark was destroyed entirely by orders of Gen. McClure 
of the L'nited States army, when he retired from a temporary 

f)ossession of the British fort in 1813. This wanton act resulted 
ater in the almost total destruction of e\erv building on the 
American frontier, when the British Indians were turned loose 
to avenge the destruction of the village. Further north, and 
on the very shores of the lake, was erected Fort Mississaugua, 
merely a block house surrounded by earth fortifications, and 
which served as a support to Fort George in manv engage- 
ments. Every foot of this ground was hotly contested manv 
times, and relics of battles are often found in the immediate 
vicinity of the town now known by the romantic title, " Niagara- 
on-the-Lake." Now all is peace and harmony; both forts have 
been abandoned by the Canadians, and there only remain the 
ruins of the battlements to call to memory those days of strife. 
Here every year the quiet of the summer is disturbed by the 
annual encampments of the Canadian troops, who occupy the 
historical grounds that face Youngstown, and carry on mimic 
warfare for practice. 

In the broad bay formed by the sweep of the river, the 
fleets of both American and Canadian yachts are gathered an- 
nually for regattas and pleasure excursions, and the waters are, 
during the summer season, continually dotted with white sails 
and pleasure boats. Back, beyond the shady streets of the 
little town, are many of Canada's best summer homes, and 
still further b.ick, on the shores of the lake, are the buildings 
of the new Chautauqua. 



(33) 




Hotel Royal, Niagara-on-the-Lake. 



QUEEN'S ROYAL HOTEL. 

A MID this scene at repose and beauty is situated a charming 
-'*■ summer hotel, "The Queen's Royal." The broad veranda 
of this hotel faces the green waters of the lake, and the clear 
waters of the Niagara where they meet, and on the other three 
sides are beautiful groves, flower gardens, shady walks, golfing 
links, tennis courts, and every provision which may add to the 
comfort of the guest in search of rest and pleasure. Just below 
is the sandy beach for bathing, and beyond are the best bass 
fishing grounds on the lake. On either side are the ruins of a 
fort, and but a few hundred feet distant is the landing of the 
ferries and the handsome steel steamers of the Niagara Navi- 
gation Co. 

Messrs. McGaw & Winnett, of the Queen's Hotel, Toronto, 



are proprietors of this resort, and are thoroughly up-to-date in 
carnig for their guests. The hotel will comfortably accom- 
modate 300 people, is lighted by electricity, has telephone and 
telegraphic connections, and every modern convenience. 
Rates S2.50 and upwards. Rooms or suites engaged in ad- 
vance by addressing the proprietors. 

Visitors to Niagara can reach the resort via the Gorge 
Route and the Lewiston-Voungstown electric road to Youngs- 
town, and cross by ferry; the New York Central between the 
Falls and Lewiston where the steamers may be taken direct 
for Niagara-on-the-Lake; or if the Canadian trip is preferred, 
the steamers may be reached at Queenston via the Park & 
River Electric Road; or around the Queenston mountain over 
the Michigan Central. From Toronto the trip can be made 
by steamer or rail, as preferred. 



(34) 




Queenston.— From Brock's M "li . i: ■ nt , on the Heights. 



(,-5^1 




Old Fort Mississaugua, Niagara-on-the-Lake. 



TRIPS OVER THE NIAGARA FALLS PARK & RIVER 
RAILWAY. 

'T'HIS popular electric line extends from a point on the upper 
Niagara river about a mile and one-half above Chippewa, 
where connection is made with the summer excursion steamers 
which make two round trips every day during the summer sea- 
son between this point and Buffalo, to Queenston, a distance of 
about fifteen miles. Leaving the steamer's dock, the car passes 
the famous Chippewa battlefield, the little village of the 
same name, thence through the DulTerin Islands, into and 
through the Victoria Park, where the grandest views of the 



Falls are to be seen; passing the Table Rock elevator and 
bazaar where tickets are procured for a trip under the Falls, 
next the Dufferin Cafe and through the Park to Clifton, passing 
the popular hotel of that name, also the Hotel La Fayette, at 
the Canadian end of the new Suspension Bridge. It is at this 
latter point that most of our readers will take passage, either 
for a trip to Chippewa and return or in the opposite direction; 
tickets for the trip to Chippew^a and return are 25 cents and are 
good for stop-over prixilege at any point on the line and as 
often as it suits the pleasure of the passenger: and we advise 
all to take plenty of time, if they ha\e it to spare, as the points 
of interest and the view are unsurpassed about Niagara. 



(36) 




i-^r--;;flrir»Ti - 



*^?™!' ''"~~^' • **'•' " i '*""• '' '" •"'^'""-^•^^^^-"»a:^~_; ' "i' 




The Horseshoe Falls from Above. 



The trip to Queenston costs 30 cents, or 50 cents for the 
round trip, or 75 cents for both round trips. In taking the 
trip to Queenston from this point, the line passes near the top 
of the cliff overlooking the gorge, passes the city of Niagara 
Falls, (Ontario, the two handsome railroad bridges, to the in- 
cline railway leading to the Whirlpool Rapids, where from the 
long platform at the water's edge an excellent \ iew of these 
troidiled and excited billows is to be had: at this point the 
water rushes by with the rapidity of a fast train. The next 
point of interest is the Whirlpool, and from the car windows 
can be seen the upper and lower Whirlpool rapids and the 
Whirlpool, which is nearly circled by the double track of this 
scenic line; at the furthest point of the Whirlpool is a station, 



and the best place to view these interesting scenes is only 
about one hundred feet distant. We advise a stop-over at this 
station, as the rifteen minutes between cars can be very pleas- 
antly spent here. 

The next point on the line is the Niagara Glen, or Foster's 
Flats, where the student of geology and lover of the wild and 
rustic in nature will find much to interest him; passing on with- 
in sight of the gorge, the location of Bloody Run and the 
Devil's Hole can be seen on the opposite side of the river, and 
very soon after. Brock's Monument is reached; this English 
memorial was erected in honor of the brave general who fell at 
the foot of Queenston Heights, gallantly leading his men in a 
charge upon the Americans, who had previously carried the 



(37) 



* M i 'i i i i iii i.i'i ir; I I 




(JS) 



The Upper Whirlpool Rapids, from the Buttery Station. 



heights, and dislodged some of the same soldiers he was urg- 
ing forward to its re-capture. This they finally did, but not be- 
fore General I5rock had received his death wound. The view 
from this point is extremely beautiful: we have attempted to 
illustrate it with two views, but the camera to which we are in- 
debted for the pictures we have reproduced, has failed to reach 
the distant points visible to the naked eye. The Duke of Ar- 
gvle said that the view from Brock's Monument w'as worth 
crossing the Atlantic to behold. 

From the heights, the road circles down the side of the 
mountain to (Jueenston, passing a tablet erected by the Prince 
of Wales to mark the spot where Brock fell, thence to the 
river's edge and upon the dock of the Niagara Xaxigation Co., 
where steamers can be taken for Lewiston, Xiagara-on-the- 
Lake and Toronto, or the visitor can return to the F"alls by the 
same route. 





Ascending the Hill at Lewiston. 

UNDER THE HORSESHOE FALLS. 

FORTY years ago. the writer svheii a buy, took this trip, but 
at that time visitors were obliged to descend by an old stair- 
way; now they go down the side of the cliff on an elevator with 
ease and safety, anil instead of passing under the Falls, grop- 
ing their way through blinding spray and mist as was the case 
at that time, a tunnel is provided for the passing beneath the 
Fall which reaches a platform directly behind the beautiful 
sheet of falling water. 

The air pressure is quite strong, and the mist and spray are 
blown in dashes, very much to the surprise of the visitor, who is 
unable to account for the fierce blasts which drift beneath the 
F'alls, thick and fast; but it is not so severe as to prevent the 
trip being an enjoyable one; and in the hot days of sunnner it 
is delightful, being cool, refreshing and agreeable as the shower 
.bath, without its chilling effects. 

No change of clothing is required, as the visitor has only to 
don a waterproof suit which fully protects the regular clothing. 
The fee >>i liftv cents which is charged fur passing under the 
Hiirse .Shoe Falls includes the use of this suit, the elevator and 
the services of a guide; tickets and suits are procured at the 
bazaar at Table Rock, nearly opposite the elevator. 



The Three Sister Islands. 



(m) 




The City of Niagara Falls.— Birdseye View from Tower, looking East. 



THE GEOLOGY OF NIAGARA. 



T^O the geologist and student of this scientific study, the 
-'• geology of the Niagara region, and especially that of the 
Gorge, opens up a book of nature full of interest. 

In the Gorge, the geologist reads its age, and each 
stratnm reveals pages of histor)-, to them intensely interest- 
ing; even the school-boy, who has just commenced to ac- 
cumulate a knowledge of geology, readily concludes that the 
Falls have not always been where they now are, and he 
naturally wonders how long a time it will take them to reach 
Lake Erie, or the mouth of the river at Buffalo, if the 
present rate of recession is continued. 

Professors Gilbert, Hall, Spencer and others, have all 
written and lectured upon this subject, and each has given 
valuable data and information. 

The works of the former have been freely quoted from 
in the reports of the Commissioners of the Queen Victoria 
Niagara Falls Park, Ontario, and that of the latter by the 
Connnissioners of the State Reservation, New York, ( Pros- 
pect Park.) From both of these reports we are pleased to 
use extracts from the writings of these scientific gentlemen. 

The geological points we think the reader most interested 
in are the age of the River, the Falls, and the Gorge, and the 
future recession of the Cataracts. Even on these points we 
have only briefly quoted those authorities, as our space will 
not admit of our going more deeply into this pleasing theme. 

Prof. Gilbert writes as follows : — 

"The middle term of our time scale, the age of the 
gorge, has excited great interest, because the visible work of 
the river and the visible dimensions of the gorge seem to af- 
ford a means of measuring in 3'ears one of the periods of 
which geologic time is composed. To measure the age of 
the river is to determine the antiquity of the close of the ice 
age. The principal data for the measurement are as follows: 
( I ) The gorge now grows longer at the rate of four or five 



feet a year, and its total length is six or seven miles. (2) 
At the whirlpool the rate of gorge making was relatively 
very fast, because oidy loose material had to be removed. 
Whether the old channel ended at the Whirlpool, or ex- 
tended for some distance southward on the line of the river, 
is a matter of doubt. (3) Part of the time the volume of 
the river was so much less that the rate of recession was 
more like that of the American Fall than that of the Horse- 
shoe. Some suggestions as to the comparative extent of 
slow work and fast work are to be obtained from the ])rofile 
of the bottom of the gorge. While the volume of the river 
was large, we may suppose that it dug deeply, just as it 
now digs under the Horseshoe Fall: while the volume was 
small, we may suppose that a deep pool was not made. 
"Before the modern rate of recession had been deter- 
mined, there were many estimates of the age of the river: 
but their basis of fact was so slender that they were hardly 
more than guesses. The first estimate, with a better found- 
ation, was made by Dr. Julius Pohlnian, who took account 
of the measured rate of recession and the influence of the 
old channel at the Whirlpool: he thought the river not older 
than 3,500 years. Dr. J. W. Spencer, adding to these fac- 
tors the variations in the river's volume, computes the 
river's age as 32,000 years. Mr. Warren Upham, having 
the same facts before him, thinks 7,000 years a more reason- 
able estimate. And Mr. F. B. Taylor, while regarding the 
data altogether insufficient for the problem, is of opinion 
that Nf r. Upham's estimate should be multiplied by a number 
consisting of tens rather than units, thus estimates founded 
on substantially the same facts range from thousands of 
years to hundreds of thousands of years. For myself, I 
am disposed to agree with Mr. Taylor, that no estimate yet 
made has great value, and the best result obtainable may 
perhaps be only a rough approximation." 



(41) 





The New Suspension Bridge. 



And Prof. Spencer reports that — 

"All attempt to reduce geological time to terms of years 
are most difficult, but the Niagara River seemed to be an 
easy chronometer to read, and yet we see that some utter- 
ances even this year are vastly farther from the mark than 
those made fifty years ago — the clock had not kept mean 
time throughout its existence. After this attempt at regu- 
lating the chronometer, investigators will doubtless carry 
the determinations to greater accuracy, but for the present 
I can ofter this geological compensation. The Niagara 
seems a stepping stone back to the ice age. What is the 
connection between the river and the Pleistocene phenomena? 
The Lake epoch is an after phase of the Glacial period, 
and Niagara came into existence long subsequent to the 



commencement of the Lakes. If we take the differential 
elevation of the deserted beaches, and treat them as absolute 
uplifts in the Niagara district, with the mean rate of rise in 
the earlier portion of the lake epoch as in the later, then 
the appearance of Warren water in the Erie basin was 
about 60 per cent longer ago than the age of Niagara river; 
or about 50,000 years ago. The earlier rate of deformation 
was not greater than that during the Niagara episode, as 
shown by the deformation of the beaches, but it may have 
been slower, so that from 50,000 to 60,000 3'ears ago Warren 
water covered more or less of the Erie basin. Before the 
birth of Niagara river, by several thousand years, there was 
open water extending from the Erie basin far into the On- 
tario, and all the upper lakes were open water with a strait 



(42) 



at Nipissing, but the northeastern limits are not known, and 
although the)- do not affect the age of Niagara, yet they 
leave an open question as to the end of the ice age, in case 
of those who do not regard the advent of the lakes as its 
termination. From these considerations it would appear 
that the close of the ice age may safely be placed at 50,000 
j-ears ago." 

"As has ah'eady been noted, the Falls was in danger of 
being ended by the turning of the waters into the Missis- 
sippi, when the cut through the Johnson ridge was effected. 
With the present rate of calculated terrestrial uplift in the 
Niagara district, and the rate of recession of the Falls con- 
tinued, or even doubled before the cataract shall have 
reached the Devonian escarpment at Buffalo, that limestone 
barrier shall have been raised so high as to turn the waters 
of the upper lakes into the Mississippi drainage, by way of 
Chicago. An elevation of 60 feet at the outlet of Lake Erie 
would bring the rocky floor of the channel as high as the 
Chicago divide, and an elevation of 70 feet would completely 
divert the drainage. This would require 5,000 or 6,000 
years at the estimated rate of terrestrial elevation. It 
would be a repetition of the phenomena of the turning of 
the drainage of the upper lakes from the Ottawa valley into 
the Erie basin. 

"The computation of the age of the Niagara river, — 
based upon the measured rate of recession during 48 years; 
upon the changing descent of the river from 200 to 420 feet, 
and back to 320 feet; and upon the variable discharge of 
water from that of the Erie basin only, during three-fourths 
of the life of the river, to afterwards that of all the upper 
lakes, — leads to the conclusion that the Niagara Falls are 
31,000 years old, and the river of 32,000 years duration; 
also that the Huron drainage turned from the Ottawa river 
into Lake Erie less than 8.000 years ago. Lastly, if the 
rate of terrestrial deformation continues as it appears to 
have done, then in about 5,000 years the life of Niagara 
Falls will cease, bv the turning of the wafers into the 
Mississipi. These computations are confirmed by the rate 



and amount of differential elevation recorded in the deserted 
beaches. It is further roughly estimated that the lake epoch 
commenced 50,000 or 60,000 years ago, and there was open 
water long before the birth of Niagara, in even the Ontario 
basin, and that under no circumstances could there have been 
any hydrostatic obstruction to the Ontario basin since be- 
fore the birth of Niagara F'alls." 



NIAGARA AS AN AIR-COMPRESSOR. 

T^HE real cause of the recession of Niagara Falls, or at least 
the most destructive agent, has been discovered at last; 
and it is air— air condensed by the power of Niagara until it is 
forced to seek release in explosion. The discovery is of recent 
date, and only became public when we were about ready to 
issue this work. 

Mr. ]. C. Level, the owner of the Prospect Park carriages, 
and one of the proprietors of the Tower Hotel, has the honor 
of being the discoverer. Mr. Le\el claims no scientitic attain- 
ments, but being a close observer and of an inquiring mind, he 
naturally wondered what caused the frequent outbursts of spray 
which occur at intervals of five to twenty seconds; something 
hurls these thin sheets and sprays of water high above the 
crest of the Falls, and with such velocity and energy as to indi- 
cate a power behind them resembling in its effects ex- 
plosions. 

" What is it?" That was the question Mr. Level propounded 
to the two scientific gentlemen from whose writings we have 
quoted in relation to the age of Niagara and the recession of 
the Falls. "If not air explosion, please tell me what it is," he 
further inquired. Each of these gentlemen were taken to the 
nearest point from which the phenomena could plainly be 
seen, and it was here these questions were asked. Both showed 
a great interest in the subject, and one of them remarked, " Mr. 
Level, you have made a great discovery:" the other gentleman 
was not so candid, but said he would investi.gafe; only the 



(4.^>) 




LT£^#^AI^K 



night previous he had delivered a lecture on Niagara Falls, its 
recession, etc., in which he took about the same position as he 
had previously taken in his writings from which we have pre- 
viouslv quoted. 

Mr. Level's business required him to make frequent visits to 
Goat Island, and while in the \icinity of the Horseshoe Falls 
he has been in the habit of watching the air explosions and 
even listening for the sound of them at the base of the clitT on 
Goat Island, at a point the nearest to the Falls which can be 
approached with safetv, where he thought he could detect the 
noise caused by the explosion. The results of his investiga- 
tions have finally convinced him that his conclusions are 
correct. 

We cannot comprehend whv those men of science who have 
spent much time and thought on this subject did not make the 
discovery long ago; it seems so plain, the ocular evidence is 
so conclusive, that it should only require'to have attention 
called to the facts in the case to convince any observer. 

In the center of the Horseshoe Falls, where the larger 
bodv of water flows over the crest, and where the greatest 
recession of the cataract is observable, these explosions are 
frequent, and show by the height to which the spray is forced 
and the densitv of the water thus thrown high above the Falls 
(sometimes reaching a height of from 50 to 100 feet) that some 
great power is at work which is not visible, except in its effect. 

Manv know that there is effective power in compressed air; 
in manv wavs it is used to assist man; air drills ha\e been in 
use for many years, and the force for their use transmitted long 
distances; as a motive power for street railways its application 
is of a more recent date, but it has been successfully accom- 
plished. Can this great power at Niagara be utilized? Who 
will be able to answer this question? 

Is it compressed air that gives energy to this newly dis- 
covered power of Mr. Level's? 

This question is sure to be determined some time in the 
near future, because the widespread interest this discovery 
is sure to cause must bring about great research and investi- 
gation, and eventually, we trust, will result in its being utilized 
for the benefit of man. 




'A'inter Scene. Horseshoe Falls a.nd Table Rock. 




^jif 







•h^^. 



E ^/"tSp'sc-j-i^-- 









V 



(46) 



Prospect Park in Winter. 



NIAGARA IN WINTER. 

THE winter scenes at Niajjara are extremely beautiful, and 
can hardlv be surpassed outside of the Arctics. The mist 
and sprav from the Falls drift with the cold winds of winter 
and freeze upon every thing they come in contact with, the 
trees upon the islands, the parks, and upon houses adjacent to 
the cataract on eacli side of the ri\ er. 

Our winter illustrations only tamely convey the real beauty 
of the views they represent; the sparkling gems of frost and 
ice are absent ; these impart to the scenes a dazzling grandeur 
that cannot be reproduced. The great ice mountain, formed 
bv the ice which flows down the ri\er from Lake Erie, tlience 
over the Falls where it soon forms a gorge, rises often to a 
lieigln of 100 feet. When it first accumulates, it is clear and 
sparkling, but after a heavy fall of snow the open places arc 
liiled in and tlie rough edges smoothed over, giving the appear- 
ance of a mountain of snow rather than one of ice. 

Long crystal icicles hang from different points, usually near 
the upper edges of the Falls, some reaching the ice below 
while others remain suspended without support e.vcept from 
above. These resemble in appearance the fjeautiful stalactites 
which are only found in large caves, but of course these icicles 
are more numerous and usually very much larger. 

THE PARKS OF NIAGARA. 

Ox each side of the Niagara river arc large tracts of land 
adjacent to the Falls, which were by act of the State of 
Xew York, on the American side, and that on the Canadian 
side h\ the Province of Ontario, condemned and then reserved 
for public parks. This is for the purpose of better protecting 
the great Cataract and affording the public at all times free 
access to the best points of observation from which Niagara 
Falls can be viewed. These legislative acts are the most im- 
portant, in many particulars, of any laws passed for the l:)enefit 
of this region. 

Thev caused to be cleared away many unsightly things 
which have been replaced by those of licauty, and now the 
grand Cascades are surrounded by two fjeautiful parks. Many 
abuses have also been abated, and Niagara Falls now enjoys a 
better reputation as a pleasure resort than was possible under 




Moonlight View in Prospect Park. 



(47) 







(48) 



American Falls, Winter View. 



the old rondition of affairs. It is true many individual citizens 
are not now receiving fees from visitors for the privilege of gaz- 
ing upon the beauties of Niagara from the best points at which 
the Palls are to be seen, and which are now open, free to all. 
These citizens received a liberal compensation for their posses- 
sions; the amount paid for the lands by the State of New York 
being 81,433,029.50 for 107 acres. The Province of ( )ntario paid 
8436,813.24 for 154 acres included in their park; this was about 
$2,836.45 per acre, being about Sio.ooo less per acre than was 
paid for the lands embraced in Prospect Park on the .American 
side by the State of New York. 

These parks are maintained by the respective gen ernments 



on each side of the river, and are under the iumiediate charge 
of commissioners. The following named gentlemen are the 
commissioners for the New York State Reservation: — Andrew 
H.Green, President; John M. Bowers, Robert L. Frver, Wil- 
liam Hamilton, George Raines, Henrv E. Gregorv, secretary 
and treasurer, Thomas \'. Welch, superintendent. ' The latte'r 
is in personal charge, and has an oftice in the Park near Pros- 
pect Point. His management is very efficient and satisfactorv. 
The commissioners of the Queen \'ictoria Park, Niagara Fall's, 
Ontario, are: John W. Langmuir, chairman; Geo. H. Wilks, 
Benj. E. Charlton, James Bramptield, James Wilson, superin- 
tendent. 



CARRIAGE SERVICE IN THE RESERVATION. 



"\ /"ISITORS to Niagara Falls who do not care to engage 
* private conveyances may enjoy a delightful trip about 
the State Reservation in the Park carriages, which start 
every few minutes from the inclined railway building in the 
park antl make the circuit of the reservation and the islands. 
The carriages seat comtortaljly a party of twelve persons. 
The drive is along the .American rapids and through the park 
boulevards past the rustic bridges, thence to Bath and Goat 
Islands. The drive about the island is one of the most attrac- 



tive in all this great resort. The hea\ilv wooded driveways 
lead tirst to Steadman's Bluff, whence stairwavs reach Luna 
Island and the Bridal \'eil Falls ; thence to the Cave of the 
Winds, Porter's Bluff and past Horseshoe Falls, along the 
Canadian Rapids to Three Sister Islands, to the Parting of 
the Waters, the Spring, and then back to the inclided railway 
building. Tickets, entitling the passenger to stop-over privil- 
eges at any point of interest, cost fifteen cents, the fee fixed by 
the conmiission controlling the park. 



HISTORY, BRIEFLY TOLD. 



T^HE history of the Niagara Frontier, so rich in historical 
•*■ events, can only be briefly told in the limited space at our 
command; but it is all so closely indentified with Niagara 
Falls, it being the center of this field of historic interest, 
that we deem it essential to concisely relate an account of 
the most important battles and other occurrences of this 
region. We gladly refer the interested reader to the his- 
tories of "Old Fort Niagara"' and "The Niagara Region," 
by Peter A. Porter, for a more extended account, as it is to 
this author, the historian of Niagara, we are indebted for 
most of the data from which our narrative is derived. 



On tlie 5th day of December, 1678, LaSalle and his 
party landed at the mouth of the Niagara River, where, up- 
on the point of land now occupied by Fort Niagara, he 
established a trading post. Soon after, he built quarters, 
which were protected by palisades, seven miles above at the 
head of navigation, on the beautiful location now occupied by 
the village of Lewiston. 

Taking from his vessel, a brigantine of ten tons, a supply 
of tools, anchor, cordage and other materials to he used in 
the construction of a new boat, he had them carried over- 
land to the mouth of Cayuga Creek, twelve miles distant. 



(49) 




Falls Street. Luukint; Ea^t frjni Monument. 



and five miles above the Falls, over the route since known 
as the Portage Road. 

Here he built the Griffon, the first craft larger than an 
Indian canoe that ever navigated the upper American Lakes. 
The pretty little village of LaSalle, named in honor of this 
great explorer, now occupies this site. The Griffon was 
completed in 1679, and set sail for the far west. Its out- 
ward passage was successful, but it was lost on the return 
voyage. 

LaSalle was accompanied to this country by the French 
missionary, Louis Hennepin, to whom history is indebted 
for the first known picture of Niagara Falls, and also for one 
of the first general descriptions published, though it con- 
tained grave errors, the greatest of which was his estimated 
height of the Falls, placing them at five or six hundred feet. 

For nearh' one hundred years, the French and the 
Indians made most of the history of the Niagara Peninsula; 
the former holding the trading posts and forts, chiefly for 
the purpose of carrying on their fur trade. But they were 
never many years without their wars with each other, and 
the French frequently quarreling with the English concern- 
ing the possession of Niagara, which at that time meant 
that portion of this region lying between the mouth of the 
gorge and the mouth of the river. LaSalle's trading post at 
the latter point, which he converted into block houses, and 
named Fort Conti, was burned down within a year. A few 
years thereafter DeNorville built another fort, which though 
named after this French officer, was better known as Fort 
Niagara: and as such it still remains. 

In 1759, the British forces under General Prideaux came 
to this region, determined to capture Fort Niagara: the army 
consisted of 2,950 men, including 750 Indians. They laid 
siege with great care and caution, building three lines of 
intrenchments for the better protection of their men during 
the engagement. During the battle General Prideaux was 
killed, and the command devolved upon Sir William Johnson, 
who continued the siege with vigor, and succeeded, after a 
bloody and fierce engagement which lasted several days, in 



capturing the fort and its garrison. It was with the greatest 
difficulty that a general massacre of the French, by the Indian 
allies of the English, was prevented. Thus Fort Niagara be- 
came the stronghold of the British. 

There were no engagements between the English and the 
American forces for the possession of Fort Niagara during 
the w-ar of the Revolution, but by the treaty of 1783 the 
Great Lakes were recognized as the northern boundary of 
the United States: yet the English continued to hold pos- 
session of Fort Niagara and several posts on the soutfiern 
borders of these lakes: but by the Jay treaty of 1794, they 
agreed to withdraw their garrisons from all these forts by 
June I, 1796. 

FORT SCHLOSSER AND THE OLD STONE CHIMNEY. 

/^NE and a half miles above the Falls stands an old stone 
^-^ chimney, on lands now owned by the Cataract Construc- 
tion Company. It was built by the French in 1750, and was 
connected with a house which was at that time part of Fort 
Du Portage, afterwards known as Little Fort Niagara. These 
were destroyed by the French when they evacuated the place 
soon after the fall of Old Fort Niagara, and it was here that 
Fort Schlosser was built some time afterward. The houses 
with which the old stone chimney has been connected were 
destroyed by fire, but being substantially built the old chimney 
has continued to stand as a monumental history for 150 
years. 

Capt. Joseph Schlosser, a German by birth, but a British 
army officer, built Fort Schlosser in 1761. He remained here 
in command, and was later promoted to the rank of colonel: 
he died at the fort and was buried near by. 

One of the houses built by the old stone chimney was used 
as a residence by Judge Porter in 1806-7 and "8. Later it was 
used as a tavern and accommodated visitors to the Falls, and 
was thus in use when destroyed by the British in 1813. The 
last house built by the old chimney was used as a farm house 
for manv years. 



(51) 




(52) 



Falls Street. — Looking West from Third Street. 



THE BATTLE OF QUEENSTON HEIGHTS. 

TN the early (1.l\s oi October, 1812, Major General \'an- 
-'■ Rensselaer collected an army of about 2,500 men at Lewis- 
ton, composed mostly of new recruits of New York militia. 
These became restless in camp and wanted to move on the 
enemy, and as it afterwards proved they were more anxious 
for a move than a tight. 

On October 12, Colonels Chrystie and Fenwith, with 450 
regulars, came up from Niagara, seven miles distant, and 
plans were immediately made for an attack on Oueenston 
Heights early on the following morning. 

Late on the evening of the day first mentioned. Colonel 
Winfield Scott, who had been in quarters at Black Rock, 
where the city of Buffalo is now situated, after a forced march 
with his regiment to Fort Schlosser, nine miles from Lewiston, 
hurriedlv rode into the camp of General \'anRensselaer and 
volunteered the services of himself and regiment. As all the 
plans had been previously arranged for the engagement, his 
offer was declined, but it was agreed that Scott should order 
his regiment forward from Schlosser to I^ewiston and await 
results. Thev arri\ed at four o'clock the ne.xt morning, having 
spent a good part of the night on the march. 

General \'anRensselaer's plan was to cross the Niagara 
river before davlight, and thus secure a footing on the Can- 
adian side before being discovered by the enemy. A scarcity 
of boats for transporting the men over the river, mismanage- 
ment and accidents delayed these plans, and part of the land- 
ing was accomplished under a heavy hre from the British. 

Colonel Scott not being able to secure boats in which to 
cross the river with his men, planted a battery on the Ameri- 
can shore, and at daylight opened a vigorous fire upon the 
enemy. 

The men who had succeeded in crossing the river were not 
much over one hundred in number, although they were after- 
wards re-enforced from time to time during the engagement. 
The few boats not disabled were inadequate for the demand, 
and the brave men in front of the enemy were under a very 
severe fire, but thev formed in line and marched forward ; in a 
few minutes every commissioned officei was either killed or 
wounded. They were soon joined by others, and among them 
Captain Wool, of the regular army, who being the highest in 
rank became the commander. Though himself wounded, he 




(53) 



Brock's Monument. Queen^ton Heights. 




(54) 



View from the Tower, lookmg South. 



carried out the order of General VanRensselaer, given as he 
was being carried from the field, "To mount the hill and storm 
the batteries." The hill was mounted and the batteries were 
carried. The enemy at this time was routed and retreated to a 
stone building under the hill near the water's edge. 

Soon after, General Brock arrived, and later atiditional re- 
enforcements for the British came from Fort George, at the 
mouth of the river. Brock soon collected the shattered forces, 
and made a vigorous attack upon the American position. In 
this engagement he was killed, but his army was finally suc- 
cessful, and completely routed the Americans; not, however, 
without meeting an enemy "worthy of their steel." 

Captain Wool ordered cut down an officer who had cow- 
ardly raised a white flag as a signal of surrender, and or- 
dered shot another man who attempted to run, but who fortu- 
nately returned just as a musket was raised to shoot. Large 
numbers of the enemy were seen ascending the hillside, and 
soon after a hand-to-hand engagement ensued and several 
desperate attacks were repulsed; but finally many were driven 
over the steep bluff on the river side, only saving themselves 
from instant death by clinging to branches of trees and brush 
and lowering themselves to the water's edge. A few escaped, 
but many were taken prisoners. Among those captured was 
Colonel Scott, wlio during the fiercest part of the engagement 
had crossed the river to aid his countrymen, assumed com- 
mand and fought bravely, an example, which if followed in 
suflicient numbers by the militia, who cowardly remained on 
the safe side while their comrades were fighting against a 
superior force within sight of their campfires, would have saved 
the day to the Americans and spared the disaster of defeat. 

THE CAPTURE OF FORT GEORGE. 

'T'HE opening of the campaign of 1813 was \erv encourag- 
■'- ing to the American forces. The combined attack on 
York (now Toronto), by the American army and navy under 
General Dearborn and Commodore Chauncey, was successful. 
Arrangements were soon after made to attack I-~(irt George, 
situated nearly opposite Fort Niagara, on the Canadian side, 
on the 27th day of May, by the same forces which had so bril- 
liantly succeeded at York. General Dearborn was sick at the 
time and could not take command in person, but watched the 
movements of the land forces from the deck of one of the ves- 



sels of the fleet, and Colonel Scott, who but a few months pre- 
vious had been a prisoner at Fort (ieorge, was selected to lead. 

The guns from the fleet silenced the batteries of the fort, 
and the enemy, who had tried to repel the attack of the land 
forces, were beaten back at every point, and soon after com- 
pletely routed and in full retreat. Before vacating the fort, 
however, they blew up one of the magazines, which had been 
made nearly untenable by the heavy cannonading of the fleet. 
Scott followed the retreating army about five miles, and proba- 
bly would have captured it had he not been recalled by superior 
ofificers. History says that the first order to discontinue the pur- 
suit of the enemy was disregarded. Scott remarking to the young 
officer who deli\ered the order, "Your general does not'know 
that I have the enemy almost within mv grasp." 

The official report of this engagement shows the loss of the 
Americans to he 17 killed and 45 wounded. The British loss 
was go killed and 160 wounded and too prisoners. 

THE CAPTURE OF FORT ERIE. 

/"\N THE 3rd day of July, 1814, quite early in the morning. 
^^ Colonel Winfield Scott left camp at Buffalo in command 
of an expedition to capture Fort Erie. He had a lirigade of 
infantry, supported by Hinman's artillery. The\' crossed the 
Niagara river to the Canadian side at a point below the fort, 
while Ripley's brigade landed above. .Scott was in the lead, 
and accompanied by Colonel Camp, who \olunteered his assist- 
ance, and they succeeded in reaching the shore before a gun 
was fired. 

Coming up on both sides, the Americans attacked the post 
with vigor and determination. After a sharp engagement the 
fort was surrendered, together with 170 men, including seven 
officers, who were taken prisoners and sent to the American 
side of the river. 

THE BATTLE OF CHIPPE-WA. 

/'^N THE morning of July 4. 1814, Scott's brigade took up 
^^ its line of march towards Chippewa. The Marquis of 
Tvveedale and his forces contested every foot of the way, and 
a running fight was continued nearly all dav ; at dark the 
British had been driven across Chippewa Creek. Both forces 
rested for the night, the British north of the Chippewa and the 
Americans south of Street's Creek. 



(55) 



General Brown, with additional troops, joined Scott's forces, 
and plans were discussed for an attack on the British at Chip- 
pewa. It seems that like arranijenients had been made on the 
other side, and early on the morning of the 5th they commenced 
a sortie of light forces, and skirmishing continued all the morn- 
ing, which was very hot and dry, and until the middle of tlie 
afternoon, with varied results. 

At a time when the skirmishing had ceased and the fighting 
for the day seemed to be over, the British were seen advancing 
in full force; they had crossed the Chi|5pewa into the open 
field or plain which lies between the two streams, and it was 
here that one of the bloodiest battles of this war was fought, 
when the numbers engaged are considered. 

The Americans, under the lead of the gallant Scott, ad- 
vanced over the bridge crossing Street's Creek into the open 
plain above mentioned, to meet them, and seeing a splendid 
opportunity for a heroic charge, he turned to his ofiicers and 
men and said: "A British officer has made a remark discredit- 
able to the Americans, to the effect that they were very good at 
long range but could not stand hot shot or cold steel; 1 now call 
upon you to give the lie to this slander. Charge!" The charge 
was made with a will, and being well supported by artillery, the 
same heroic spirit soon extended along the whole line. 

In the open field the two armies fought bravely, but the im- 
petuous and gallant charge of the Americans could not be 
checked, and the British were completely routed; Scott fol- 
lowed the retreating army until it had crossed the Chippewa 
and reentered their entrenchments. 

The British forces numbered 2100 men, the American iqoo 
all told. The losses of the former were 138 killed, 319 wounded 
and 46 missing; total 503; American loss, 60 killed, 248 wounded 
and IQ missing; total loss 327. Grand total loss 830. 

THE BATTLE OF LUNDY'S LANE. 

COON after the battle of Chipjiewa the British army retired 
'--' to Burlington Heights, near the head of Lake Ontario. 
On the loth day of July, 1814, the Americans moved their camp 
to Oueenston and planned to capture the forts at the mouth 
of the ri\er. For this they needed heaxier cannon, and sent to 
Sackett's Harbor for them; but on account of the sickness of 
Commodore Chauncey they were not forwarded, and the attack 
upon the forts was abandoned. 



Gen. Brown determined to attack the strong position at 
Burlington Heights, but concluded that it could be done with 
less loss if by feigning a retreat to Chippewa the British armv 
could be induced to divide their forces. For this purpose the 
American.s returned to Chip]jewa. 

It was Gen. Brown's intention to attack the British armv at 
Burlington Heights, if liis intended retreat failed to draw them 
out, and this was planned for the 26th; but on the 25th Gen. 
Brown recei\ed what was deemed reliable information that the 
enemy had crossed the Niagara from (^ueenstcm to Lewiston, 
1000 strong, for the purpose, as Gen. Brown supposed, of cap- 
turing supplies on the way from Buffalo to Niagara. He at 
once resolved to return with his forces to Queenston and 
threaten the forts at the mouth of the Niagara, fioping thereby 
to cause the British to withdraw from the American side. 

Scott's connnand was ordered forward while the other forces 
were preparing for the march. When about two miles from 
camp and one nnle above the Falls sexeral liritish officers were 
seen, and, as it proved, they were the advance guard of the en- 
emy, which was concealed from view by a skirt of woods. .Scott's 
forces consisted of only 1300 men, and he had positive orders 
to march quickly upon the forts by way of Queenston. Think- 
ing that the British before him were only half the number he 
had whipped near by on the 5th of July, and that the rest of 
their army had crossed the rixer at Lewiston, he did not hesi- 
tate lung as to what was best to do. 

After sending an officer to inform Gen. Brown of the situa- 
tion, he pressed his men forward through the woods that con- 
cealed the position of the enemy from sight. Here he found 
the British in full force with nine cannons in position on 
Lundy's Lane; whether better to retreat or do battle was a 
question to be decided quickly, and as Scott was always ready 
for a fight he chose the latter, beliexing it less hazardous for 
the whole army than a cowardly retreat. 

The American stand was such a bold one that Gen. Rail I at 
once concluded that the whole army of Gen. Brown was before 
him, while in fact Scott's forces were less than one-fifth the 
number of the enemy. The reported crossing of the British 
to Lewiston proved to be untrue, and instead of their being re- 
duced in strength by such a division, their army had been re- 
enforced by large numbers under Gen. Drummond, who after 
this engagement was well adxanced came up with part of his 
troops not already engaged and assumed command. It was 



I5ti I 



after this general that Drunimonds\ille, the little \illage situ- 
ated \ipon the old battle-tield of Lundy's Lane, was named. 

It was nearly sunset when the battle opened, and very soon 
darkness found the two armies fighting fiercely for the ad- 
vantageous position held by the liritish. It was nearly nine 
o'clock before Gen. Ripley arrived with reenforcements. and at 
once took position on Scott's right, but finding it an unfaxorafjle 
one, a mmement was made nearer to the enemy, and meeting 
with a heavy tire from tlie artillery Ripley soon saw the neces- 
sity of capturing the liatterv and asked Col. Miller if he could 
do it. " 1 will try," was his reply, and leading his command in 
the direction from which the deadly fire came they made a bay- 
onet charge and drove the enemy from their guns, killing with 
the bayonet many who bravely stood their ground, and driving 
the living British soldiers from the hill which was the key to 
their position. 

Four times did the British attempt to recapture their battery, 
and every time they were repulsed and driven back, fn tliis 
dreadful strife, which lasted until midnight, the liravest men 
and officers of lioth armies were engaged; the losses were 
nearly equal, that of the British was reported to be 878, and the 
Americans at 860. Generals Drummond and Riall were both 
wounded, and the latter taken prisoner; of the American gen- 
erals. I5rown and Scott were wounded. 

After the fighting had ceased and Gen. Brown was being 
carried from the field, he ordered (ien. Riple\ to take com- 
mand, collect all the wounded, remove the artillery captured, 
and retire to the camps they had vacated at Chippewa. 

This order was only partly carried out; on account of the 
scarcity of horses and other appliances the cannon were left 
until morning, before which time the I?ritish, learning of the 
movements of the Americans, returned to the battle field, took 
possession of their old position and recaptured the nine pieces 
of artillery. Upon the strength of this. Gen. Drummond re- 
ported the result of the battle as their victory, and the English 
histor\' sii records it. 

THE BRITISH ATTACK ON FORT ERIE. 

ON the third day of August, 1814, Gen. Drummond and his 
arni\ appeared before Fort P'rie with the avowed purpose 
of carrying it by storm, hut after exaTuination and deliberation 
he concluded not to he too rash, and commenced a regular 




Horseshoe Falls in Winter.— From Goat Island. 



(57) 









'^ 



■00 



..<■ .^..^■.■'.. .:. ..^.^....^^''^:.^,^ 




The Islands. ilor^eshoe Fiill^;. 

Crest of til Aiiiciran Falls, 

(58) 



I'li'speci Parle. 
Birdseye View from the Tov^er. looking Southw/est. 



The Niagara River and Gorge. 



siege. From the 3rd up to the morning of the yth they built 
earthworks and trenches, and attempts were made to cut ol'f 
the supplies of the Americans. On the last day named they 
commenced a bombardment of the Fort, renewing it again on 
the 13th and continuing it until the evening without serious re- 
sults; on the 15th they attempted to carrv the Fort In- storm, 
but were effectively repulsed with severe loss. Then another 
attempt was made on another side, with a like result; at the 
same time Gen. Drunimond and the troops under his immediate 
command scaled the walls and got possession of part of the 
old Fort; soon after an e.xplosion of cartridges occurred in one 
of the stone buildings, killing many and causing great con- 
fusion, during which the .Americans dro\e the British out of 
the Fort. The oflicial reports show their loss to be 57 killed, 
313 wounded, and 53Q missing; while the total loss of the 
Americans \v,is onl\ §4. 



in capturing part of the works, two batteries and two block- 
houses : soon after another battery was abandoned and a 
magazine blown up; the cannon were spiked and dismantled 
and many prisoners taken. Thus the besieged became the 
besiegers, and the siege of Fort Erie ended. Very soon after 
this all fighting ceased upon the Niagara frontier, and the war 
of 1812 and 1814 was at an end. 

Our space will not allow us to relate any particulars of the 
other engagements that occurred on the Niagara Frontier, and 
those already given are possibly more lengthy than thev should 
be in a work of this kind; but they have been so related he- 
cause of the fact that nearly all of the so-called guides puh- 
lished and sold at Niagara have uniformly given them from the 
British standpoint; our Americanism prompted us to examine 
intii the history with the \ iew of briefly relating facts as far as 
])i)Ssil)li' in our humble wav. 



THE SORTIE FROM FORT 
ERIE. 

A F TFR the defeat of the Brit- 
-'*■ ish in their attack on Fort 
Erie, both armies remained quiet 
for some time. But on the 17th 
of September General Brown, who 
had recovered from his wounds 
received at Lundy's Lane, pre- 
pared to make a sortie upon the en- 
trenchments of the enemy, hoping 
to raise the siege and drive the 
besiegers off. The fort had been 
invested for forty-five days. Gen- 
eral Porter, who was familiar witli 
the ground, suggested and planned 
this sortie, and was sent with his 
regiment to cautiously approacli 
the position of the enemy. Quietly 
feeling their way through the woods 
to within short range of their works, 
and seeing that they were unob- 
served, he gave the order to charge, 
and in thirty minutes he succeeded 




Prospect Park, Early Spring. Office of Supt. State Reservation. Incline Railway Station. 
(59) 




Ningara I-alls. Ont. 
(60) 



-Ni^^iirii Kiver .iiid liorge, 



Milling Dtslricl (>( the Niagara Falls Hyciiaulu" an'l MaiuifactiiriiiK Co, 



Birdseye View from the Tower, looking North. 



CITY OF NIAGARA FALLS. 



'T'HE city embraces about eight and one-half square miles 
of territory, and has a population of from 17,000 to 
20,000. 

Four years ago it was known as the village of Niagara 
Falls, and Suspension Bridge, two miles distant, was a sepa- 
rate town, both together containing a population of g.goo. 
To-day they are both one, and the intervening space be- 
tween the two former villages is now fairly well built 
over with business houses, the handsome dwellings of the well- 
to-do citizens, and the cozy cottages of the middle classes. 

The present city limits extend far beyond the suburban 
settlements; and we have met those who believe that these 
outside tracts will never be needed for building purposes, and 
condemn the policy of speculators who control, by purchase 
or option, these districts fur purely speculative purposes. 

But this same trouble is to be met with elsewhere, and it 
only proves that somebody has confidence in " Greater Niag- 
ara." It is possible that these gentlemen have looked too far 
ahead, and in some cases have overreached, but that is purely 
a question to be decided b}- time. To the writer, who wlien a 
boy hunted quails upon the lands now embraced in the 
Central Park of New York City, it seems to be but a question 
of time when their expectations will be realized. 

It is also claimed that property' near the central part of 
the city is held too high, and that those looking for factory 
sites and homes are driven away in consequence. It would 
seem, however, that the policj' of the two great power com- 
panies is too liberal to prevent the location of any desirable 
manufacturing enterprise or individuals seeking such an op- 
portunitv. Thesecompaniesown large tracts of laud adjacent 
and convenient to their plants, and within the city limits, which 
thev purchased vears ago at reasonable figures for just this 
purpose, and they are more than glad to make liberal terms 
as to factory sites or power. 



The city formerly gained its notoriety from its beautiful 
Falls, and a larger number of visitors are attracted here to 
see them than go to any other resort in the United States, 
excepting perhaps a few summer attractions adjacent to son)e 
of the large cities, like Coney Island and similar places; wdiich 
are visited in large numbers for a stay of a few hours only. 

The Park reservations made on each side of the Niagara 
river in the innnediate vicinity of the Falls, for the purpose 
of preserving their beauty and adding such conveniences as 
may be for the pleasure of citizens and visitors, must in the 
future enhance the popularity of Niagara Falls and increase 
its attractiveness as a pleasure resort. 

But it is upon its growing reputation as a manufacturing 
center that its great future depends. The most sanguine pre- 
dictions as to its growth fail to reach the point of possibility, 
as to its size and population, when the great power develop- 
ments, now far past the stage of experiment, shall have com- 
pleted the extensive improvements now under way, and in 
contemplation. 

Our following remarks are based upon the accomplish- 
ment of these, /. c. the development of 550,000 horse power 
and its use at or near Niagara Falls. 

We desire to be conservative, and have always refrained 
from indulging in prophecy, but in this case w-e do not hesi- 
tate to express our private opinion, based upon the foregoing 
claims. 

The development of this great power will in the future be 
more rapid than in the past. The Niagara Power Company 
have been five or six years in securing 15,000 horse-power, 
but the work now under way to increase this to 50,000 will 
probably be finished within one year. By that time thev mav 
commence the second plant of the same size. This, of course, 
will depend upon the demand for power: of such demand, we 
are credilily informed, there is no doubt, as the 35.000 addi- 



ct:) 




View, from Canadian Side, of the Milling District of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic and Manufacturing Co. 



tional horse-power which will be ready for use before very 
long is nearly all spoken for in advance. 

The Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing 
Company have been still longer in their development, but 
they now have about 50,000 horse-power, and are pushing 
their work as fast as possible, and they anticipate doubling 
their capacity in a reasonable length of time. 

When these 200,000 horse-power are in use, in the hun- 
dreds of factories that will be required to utilize it, what may 
then be expected of " Greater Niagara ?" 

This still leaves 350,000 horse power to be anticipated 
later on. The world does not afford a parallel. Niagara 
Falls offers greater advantages as a manufacturing center 
than any other place in the universe. 



Built upon their water power advantages, the great manu- 
facturing centers, Holyoke, Lowell, Manchester, Lawrence, 
Lewiston, Me., and Minneapolis, had in i8qo, a combined popu- 
lation of 388, joq, and they have a total horse-power of 78,014 ; 
this gives them 4.98 persons for each horse power in use. 

If this rate holds good here, Niagara Falls should have a 
population of 408,000 when the 100,000 horse power to be devel- 
oped within the next year is utilized. When 350.000 horse 
power is developed this population would be 1,843,000. On this 
basis, when the total horse-power contemplated, 550.000 is 
furnishing power to manufacturing enterprises, the population of 
the greatest industrial center of the world, be it named Greater 
Niagara or Greater Buffalo, should be 2,730,000. and the city ex- 
tend from Lake to Lake. 



(62) 



NIAGARA FALLS & SUSPENSION BRIDGE 
RAILWAY. 

nPHE city (if Niagara Falls is fortunate in possessing one of 
•*■ the best etjuipped and managed electric street car systems 
in the country, the seventeen miles of track being distributed 
throughout the portions of the city most in need of such trans- 
portation facilities, and touching at many points of interest, 
which makes it an enjoyable pleasure route for the visitor as 
well as the resident of this hustling city. There are five sepa- 
rate lines under one management, but a universal transfer is 
allowed at a five-cent fare. The cars are of the Brill make, and 
the electrical equipment is that of the General Electric Com- 
panv. The main lines start at Prospect Park, Falls street 
terminus, and a single fare carries the passenger out Falls 
street past the New York Central depot, past the great Hy- 
draulic Power Companv's canal ; the various mammoth manu- 
facturing plants operated by electric power generated by the 
Niagara water ; past the Niagara Falls Power Com]:>any's 
power houses ; the site of historic Fort Schlosser, where the 
chimney erected by the French more than a century ago is 
still seen standing; past the landing place of the steamers 
from Buffalo : to Echota town, where a transfer takes the 
visitor through suljurban Niagara and thence around to the 
old town of Suspension Bridge. Cars may be taken from this 
point to the Devil's Hole on the Niagara Gorge, or to the 
Buttery Whirlpool Rapids, from where the best possible view 
can be obtained of the great whirlpool rapids, or past the 
Rapids \"iew, where an inclined railway leads to the head of 
the rapids below. This same line carries passengers to the 
Niagara University and the De\'eaux College. The main lines 
of the company pass the Convention Hall, it being but a brief 
ride from there to the principal depots or hotels. 

The officers of the company are : J. T. Jones, president ; 
Wm. B. Rankine, vice-president; C. B. Hill, secretary and 
treasurer, and J. C. Brewster, superintendent. 

RAILROADS. 

NIAGARA FALLS enjoys greater advantages in the way 
of transportation, for botti passengers and freight, than 
anv city of its population in the United States, as many of 
the most important trunk lines make it a terminus or have 



branch lines to this city. The following railroads center 
here: 

New York Central and Hudson River Railroad, Michi- 
gan Central Railroad, Rome, W'atertown and Ogdensburg 
Railroad, Erie Railroad, Lehigh X'alley Railway, \Vest Shore 
Railroad, Grand Trunk Railway, Wabash Railway, Canadian 
Pacific Railway, Bufialo and Niagara Falls Railroad (electric), 
Niagara Falls and Lewiston Railroad (electric), Niagara Junc- 
tion I5clt Line, Niagara Falls Park and River Railway [Cana- 
dian side] (electrici. 

.All these lines have access to the harbor and docks of the 
city over the tracks of the Belt Line, and are thus able to make 
connections with lake steamers drawing twelve feet of water 
or less. It is e.xpected that the channel of the Niagara River 
will be dredged until there is a depth of water to the docks in 
this city of eighteen to twenty feet. 

The tonnage handled by the railroads centering at Niagara 
Falls two years ago (the latest figures obtainable) was 10,318,439 
tons. The total number of cars of freight handled was 706,967, 
including 27,149 cars of local freight. 

The railroads of Niagara Falls have 92 regular daily passen- 
ger trains on their schedules for the summer of 1897, and in 
July and August there may be nearly as many more e.xtra 
excursion trains ; in the winter season they number about 80 
daily trains. These figures give a very correct idea of the 
immense passenger business transacted by the roads center- 
ing here. 

The report of the Commissioners of the State Reservation 
has a list compiled by Mr. T. V. Welch, the superintendent, of 
every excursion that arrived at Niagara the year previous to its 
publication; it shows the number of trains, cars and passen- 
gers, and the towns from which they came; we give herewith 
from this list a number of excursions for six months. May to 
Octolier inclusive. 

May No. Cars, 82 No. \'isitors, 4,920 

June " 345 " 20,700 

July " 1,082 " 64,920 

August " 2,047 " 122,820 

Sept " 958 " 57.480 

Oct " loi " 6.060 

Total 4.615 276,900 




I 6j ) 



Niagara Falls, N. Y., from the Observatory of the Hotel Lafayette, Canada. 



THE NIAGARA FALLS POWER COMPANY. 



A Brief History of the Power Development at Niagara. 



Note. — The data concerning the Niagara Falls Power Co. were compiled by Mr. L. A. Groat, its Secretary, and that of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic & 
Manufacturing Co. by Mr. W. C. Johnson, its Chief Engineer. 



TO souls sensitive to the beautiful and sublime, the plung- 
ing torrent of Niagara has appealed, by the stateliness 
of its stream, the brilliance of its boisterous rapids, and the 
deep glassy green of its silent, foreboding brink, as well as 
by its drop into the seemingly infinite depth, from which 
there comes to him who listens, the note of the welcoming 
abyss deeper than the diapason of any organ's pipe. To 
the weak and timid, there is danger and death in this resist- 
less and remorseless tide, but to minds of dignity and self- 
restraint, the one sense to which the mighty cataract appeals 
most strongly is the "sense of power." 

And why should it not be so ? Nearly 6,000 cubic miles 
of water pouring down from the upper lakes, with go. 000 
square miles of area, reach this gorge of the Niagara River 
at a point where its e.xtreme width of one mile is by islands 
reduced to two channels of only 3,800 feet. Here, in less than 
half a mile of rapids, the Niagara River falls 55 feet, and 
then, with a depth of about 20 feet at the crest of the Horse- 
shoe Falls, plunges 165 feet more into the lower river. The 
ordinary flow has been found to be about 275,000 cubic 
feet per second, and its force equal to the latent power of 
all the coal mined in the world each day (something more 
than 200,000 tons) representing theoretically 7,000,000 horse 
power, of which, according to Professor Unwin, the eminent 
English engineer and author, several hundred thousands of 
horse-power can be made available for practical use without 
appreciable diminution of the natural beauty of the Falls. 



The idea of subjecting to industrial uses, some part of 
the enormous power of Niagara, has, since the early part of 
the eighteenth century, occupied the minds and stirred the 
inventive faculty of engineers, mechanics, and manu- 
facturers. At an early day, the pioneers in the locality 
contemplated the probability, but were unable to demon- 
strate the practicability, of reducing this mighty force to 
obedient and useful service. They gave the name of Man- 
chester to the early settleiuent, but the flourishing manu- 
facturing center to be built by a utilization of Niagara's 
power remained but a dream. 

In 1885, Thomas Evershed, an old, experienced engineer 
engaged in the service of the State, came to Niagara. 
After a conference with Mr. Evershed, several prominent 
citizens obtained a charter from the Legislature of New 
York, passed March 31, 1886, which by subsequent acts has 
been amended and enlarged. Mr. Evershed issued liis first 
formal plan and estimate, which was described and discussed 
in "Appleton's Cyclopedia" for 1887, calling forth most ad- 
verse criticism and objections almost innumerable, which, in 
the light of subsequent successful achievements, have been 
fully answered. To convince capitalists that it would be 
commercially profitable to complete the development of Mr. 
Evershed's plans, required three years. It was demon- 
strated that the capacity of the proposed tunnel would be 
about 120,000 horse-power, exceeding the theoretical horse- 
power of Lawrence, Lowell, Holyoke, Turner's Falls, Man- 



tes) 




Tran'jfonner Building. 



{66J 



Supply Canal. 
Plant of the Niagara Falls Power Company. 



Offices and Power Hou 



Chester, Windsor Locks, Bellows Falls and Cohoes ; that 
it would largel)' exceed the actual developed power of 
all of these places, and Augusta, Paterson and Minne- 
apolis in addition, representing more than a third of 
the power of all the water-wheels in use in the United 
States in iSSo. 

The advantages of Niagara Falls as a locality were fully 
shown, and the question whether water-power could be used 
in competition with steam was then discussed. After care- 
ful consideration the Niagara Falls Power company con- 
cluded that twenty-four hour steam horse-power is not pro- 
duced anywhere in the world for less than S24 per annum, 
and that the cost of fuel represents but one-half the total 
cost. These considerations led to the organization of the 
Cataract Construction Company in iSSg, which was the out- 
grow^th of the zealous interest taken in the matter by the 
following gentlemen; William B. Rankine, Francis Lynde 
Stetson, Pierrepont Morgan, Hamilton Mck. Twombh', Ed- 
ward A. Wickes, Morris K. Jesup, Darius Ogden Mills, 
Charles F. Clarke. Edward D. Adams, Charles Lanier, A. J. 
Forbes-Leith, Walter Howe, John Crosby Brown, Frederick 
W. Whritridge, William K. Vanderbilt, Geo. S. Bowdoin, 
Joseph Larocque, John Jacob Astor, all of New York City; 
and Charles A. Sweet, of Buffalo, most of whom have been 
officers of the Company. The plan finally determined upon 
comprised a surface canal, 250 feet in width at its mouth on 
the river a mile and a quarter above the Falls, extending in- 
wardly 1,700 feet, with an average depth of 12 feet, ser- 
ving water sufficient for the development of about 120,000 
horse-power. The walls of this canal, which are of solid 
masonry, are pierced at intervals with inlets, guarded by 
gates. Some are used to deliver water to tenants putting in 
their own wheels and wheelpits. and ten inlets are arranged 
on one side of the canal to permit delivery of the water to 
the wheel-pit under the power-house, where dynamos placed 
at the top of the turbine shafts generate electricitv for 
transmission to near and distant points. This wheel-pit is 
178 feet in depth, and is connected with the main tunnel. 



The tunnel has the purpose of a tail-race 7,000 feet in 
length, which serves a slope of six feet to the 1,000 feet. 

^ The tunnel has a maximum height of 21 feet, and a width 
of 18 feet, 10 inches, making a net section of 3S6 square 
feet. The slope is such that a chip thrown into the water at 
the wheel-pit will pass out of the portal in three and one- 
half minutes, showing the velocity of the water to be 26i 
feet per second, or almost 20 miles per hour. In tliis great 
work 600.000 tons of material were removed; :6, 000,000 
bricks, 19,000,000 feet of lumber and timber were used, be- 
sides 60,000 cubic yard of stone: and 55.000 barrels of Giant 
American Portland cement, 12,000 barrels of natural cement, 
and 26.000 cubic yards of sand were used. Over one 
thousand men were engaged in the construction of this tun- 
nel for more than three years. 

The most careful consideration was given to the subject 
of the turbines to be used, and also to the question of power 
transmission. In the winter of iSgo, Mr. Adams, while in 
Europe, conceived the idea of obtaining information as to 
results obtained by engineers and manufacturers, not yet 
published, and in pursuance of this suggestion an Inter- 
national Niagara Commission was established in London in 
June, iSgo, with power to offer S22.000 in prizes. The 
Commission consisted of Sir William Thomson (now Lord 
Kelvin) as chairman, with Dr. Coleman Sellers, of Phila- 
delphia. Lieutenant-Colonel Theodore Turretini, of Geneva, 
Switzerland (the originator and engineer of the great water- 
power installation on the Rhone), and Professor E. Mascart, 
of the College of France, as members, and Professor W. C. 
Unwin, Dean of the Central Institute of the Guilds of the 
City of London, as Secretary. Inquiries concerning the 
best-known methods of development and transmission of 
power in England, France, Switzerland and Italy were made, 
and competitive plans were received from twenty carefully 
selected engineers, manufacturers of power in England and 
the Continent of Europe and America. ."Ml of the plans 
were submitted to the Commission at London, on or before 
January i, iSgi, and prizes were awarded to those consid- 



(6-1 




(68) 



Interior of Power House. 



ered wortliy by the Commission. The first important resnlt 
was tlie selection of the designs of Faesch and Piccard, of 
Geneva, for turliines calculated to yield 5,000 horse-power 
each, and three of these wheels were built from these designs 
by the I. F. Morris Company, of Philadelphia, and are now 
in place. The question of turbines having been disposed 
of, the problem of transmission of power remained for 
solution. 

After a careful study of the various methods of trans- 
mission by wire ropes, hydraulic pipes, compressed air and 
electricity, the Company in 1S90, adopted the electrical sys- 
tem. The two-phase, alternating current dynamos employed 
were adopted under the advice of the Company's electrical 
engineer. Professor George Forbes, of London. In these 
the field magnet revolves instead of the armature, and three 
such dynamos of 5,000 horse-power each were made and 
installed by the Westinghouse Company, of Pittsburg. 

During the summer of i8g6, a transmission line 26 miles 
in length was constructed from Niagara Falls to Buffalo, 
and since November, 1896, the people of Buffalo have been 
enjoying the unique distinction of transportation in cars 
propelled by an unseen power generated more than twenty 
miles distant. 

At the present time three 5,000 horse-power turbines 
and dynamos have been installed, but the rapidly increasing 
demand for power has necessitated the extension of the 
wheelpit and power house to more tlian three times their 
present capacity. The work upon this extension, sufficient 
to accommodate seven more 5.000 horsepower turbines and 
d)-namos, has been in progress since June, 1S96, and is being 
rapidly pushed to completion. Contracts for five additional 
5,000 horse-power turbines and dynamos have already been 
awarded, and they will be installed as rapidly as the manu- 
facturers can deliver them. With the full completion of 
the present extension. The Niagara Falls Power Company 
will have available 50,000 horse power, one-half of which is 
expected to be ready for delivery on or before December 31, 
1897. 



The Niagara Falls Paper Company, which was the first 
tenant of the Power Company, has been using 3,300 hydraulic 
horse-power for over two years. So thoroughly satisfied has 
this company been with the power furnished, that it has 
expended a million dollars in the erection of an additional 
plant and buildings, and is now using 7,200 hydraulic horse- 
power. 

The Pittsburg Reduction Company manufacturers of alum- 
inum, has for some time been using 3,000 electrical horse- 
power with perfect success, and of the other tenants of the 
Power Company using electrical horse-power. The Carbor- 
undum Company, manufacturing abrasives, and the Acety- 
lene Light, Heat and Power Company, manufacturing carbide 
of calcium, have both recently evidenced their satisfaction 
with the electrical power furnished, by doubling the capacity 
of their plants. 

The Niagara Falls Power Company has now contracts 
for present and future delivery of 7,200 horse-power of 
hydraulic power and 19,545 horse-power of electrical pow-er. 
The cost of undeveloped hydraulic power is from SS to Sio 
per horse-power, and upon the lands of the company, elec- 
trical power, two-phase, alternating current as it comes from 
the generator, is sold in large blocks at S20 per horse-power; 
a figure a trifle in excess being charged to purchasers of 
small blocks. These prices are for continuous 24-hour 
power. 

Apart from the consideration of the superior reliability, 
cleanliness and convenience of electrical power over steam 
power, the above figures show conclusively the great economy 
to the consumer resulting from its use. It is doubtful if even 
under the most favorable conditions, steam power has ever 
been produced anywhere in the United States for less than 
S30 per horse-power for a lo-hour day; while the results of 
actual experience and tests show the average cost to be much 
greater. Recent tests made by a distinguished expert, of the 
cost of steam power at various plants located in different cities 
in the United States, show that the cost of power generated 
by steam, when produced under conditions most favorable 



(69) 




The Wheelpit Extension. 



Photi- b\ K."^onz. 



to economy, is S32.70 per horse-power for 11 -hour power, 
while the average cost per horse-power is more than one- 
third greater. In a test of a large elevator at Buffalo, N. 
Y., he found that the cost of 3-hour power for 313 days 
per year was over S31 per horse-power. A test covering a 
year at one of the largest flouring mills in the State of New 
York — especially favored in location, and where every atten- 
tion was given to secure economy in operating — the cost of 
^4-hour power produced by steam was found to be S45 per 
horse-power. The average cost of 24-hour power at the 
several different plants tested was found to be S63.6o per 
horse-power. 

The 50,000 horse-power developed when the present 
wheelpit extension is completed, represents but one-half of 
the capacity of the present tunnel. A right of way for a 
second discharge tunnel has been secured, and when the 
demand for power shall render it necessary, the present 
plant will be duplicated. In addition to the 200,000 horse- 
power, for the development of which provisions have been 
made upon the American side, the Canadian Niagara Power 
Company — an allied corporation — now holds from the Cana- 
dian Government an exclusive franchise granting to it the 
right to develop upon the Canadian side, in the Queen 
Victoria Niagara Falls Park, at least 250,000 horse-power. 
Work upon the Canadian plant has already been begun, and 
by the terms of its franchise, the Canadian Niagara Power 
Company must have 10,000 horse-power ready for transmis- 
sion and delivery on or before November i, i8g8. When 
fully developed, the American and Canadian plants will 
have a combined capacity of 450,000 horse-power. 

When w-e consider that most factories use only from 5 
to 50 horse-power, that Lowell, Mass., was built by 11,845 
horse-power, that Minneapolis owes its marvelous growth 
and development to 25,000 horse-power, that the city of 
Buffalo uses less than 50,000 horse-power, and that the 
total power used in the State of New York does not exceed 
the combined capacity of these allied companies, then it is 
that the vast significance of the development of Niagara's 



(70) 



power becomes apparent, and its meaning to the city uf Ni- 
agara Falls and neighboring cities can be fully appreciated. 

The first use of power at Niagara was about 1725, when 
the French erected a saw-mill, near the site of the Pittsburgh 
Reduction Company's upper Niagara works, for the purpose of 
supplying lumber for Fort Niagara. 

In 1805 Augustus Porter built a saw-mill on the rapids. In 
1807 Porter and Barton erected a grist mill on the river. In 1817 
John W'itmer built a saw-mill at Gill Creek. In 1822 Augustus 
Porter built a grist mill along the rapids above the Falls. From 
that time to 1885, when the lantls along the river were taken for 
a State Park, a considerable amount of power was de\eloped 
<ilong the rapids by a canal which took the water out of the 
river near the head of the rapids and followed along nearly 
parallel with the bank of the river. 

Mills were built between this canal and the river and a part 
of the tifty-foot fall between the head of the rapids and the 
brink of the falls was utilized. A paper mill was also built on 
Bath Island. 

In 1847 Augustus Porter outlined a plan on which the pres- 
ent Hydraulic canal is built. In 1852 negotiations were com- 
menced by Mr. Porter with Caleb J. Woodhull and Walter 
Bryant, and an agreement was finally reached with these gen- 
tlemen, by which they were to construct a canal, and receive a 
plot of land at the head of the canal having a frontage of 425 
feet on the river: a right of way 100 feet wide for the canal 
along its entire length of 4,400 feet, which is through the most 
thickly populated part of the city, and about seventv-five 
acres of land near its terminus, having a frontage on the river 
below the falls of nearly a mile. 

Ground was broken by them in 1853 and the work was carried 
on until 1858, when a canal thirty feet wide and six feet 
deep was finished. The location of the head of this canal was 
the best that could have been chosen. From the head of the 
rapids it is but a short distance to an island (Grass Island), 
which extends a considerable distance along the shore and for a 
considerable distance from the isalnd the water is very shallow. 

In this short space, between the head of the rapids and the 
foot of Grass Island, the entrance of the canal was located. 



Owing to the disturbed financial conditions occasioned l)y 
the War of the Rebellion, and other causes, it happened that 
no mills were built to use the water from the canal until 
1870, when Charles B. Gaskill built a small grist mill on the 
site of the present flouring mill belonging to the Cataract 
Milling Companv, of which Mr. Gaskill is President. 

In 1877 the canal and all its appurtenances were purchased 
bv Messrs. Jacob F. Schoellkopf and A. Chesbrough, of Buf- 
falo, who organized the Niagara p'alls Hydraulic Power and 
Manufacturing Company, of which Mr. Schoellkopf is still 
President. 

Since that time the building of mills has gone steadily for- 
ward. The following is a list of mills using water from the 
canal : 

W.ATER POWER. 

H. P. 

Central Milling Co. (flour) i.ooo 

N. Wood Paper Co. (paper and pulp) 500 

Schoellkopf & Mathews (flour mill) goo 

Pettebone-Cataract Manufacturing Co. (paper and pulp).. 2,000 

Cataract M.illing Co. (flour) 400 

Niagara Falls Waterworks 200 

Thos. E. .McGarigle (machine shop) 25 

Cliff Paper Co. (paper and pulp) 2,500 

Total 7.525 

ELECTRIC POWER. 

H. P. 

Pittsburg Reduction Co. (aluminum) 3oO° 

Niagara Falls and Lewiston R. R. Co ,400 

Cliff Paper Co. (paper and pulp) 3°° 

Lewiston and Voungstown R. R. Co • 200 

Buffalo & Niagara Falls Electric Light & Power Co 350 

Niagara Falls Brewing Co 15° 

Rodwell Manufacturing Co. (silver plating, etc.) 75 

Sundry small customers in the city 100 

Francis Hook and Eye Co '5 

Kcllv & McBean .Aluminum Co '5 

Total 5. "05 



(71) 




Cut No. 1.— Port Day i Mouth of Canal i 



MECHANICAL POWER FURNISHED ON SHAFT. 

H. P. 

Oneida Communitv, L'td (silver plated ware and chains). . 300 
Carter-Crum Co. (dieck book manufacturers) 60 

Total 360 

Total Hydraulic Power sold 7.525 

Total Electric Power sold 5,105 

Total Mechanical Power sold 360 

Grand total i^.qqo 

Mr. Porter's contract with Woodhull & Bryant only conveyed 
the lands to the edge of the high bank of the Niagara river, and 
did not include the talus or slope between the edge of the high 
bank and the river, and only granted the right to e.xcavate down 
the face of the bank one hundred feet. 



At that time it was not considered that any higher head could 
ever be utilized, because it was not thought that wheels could 
be built to stand the pressure of a higher head, in fact none of 
the mills attempted to use more than fifty or si.xty feet head. 
For this reason it happened that although the capacity of the 
canal as at hrst constructed was sufficient for some fifteen 
thousand horse-power, its capacity was exhausted and only 
about seven thousand horse-power produced. 

The flouring mills of Schoellkopf & Mathews, Cataract 
Milling Company, Central Milling Company, the Pettebone- 
Cataract Paper Company, the City Water Works, and the 
factory of the Niagara Wood Paper Company leased the right 
to draw certain quantities of water from the canal and con- 
structed their own wheel pits and put in their own water 
wheels. 

Two different methods were adopted for constructing the 
pits for these various mills. In some cases a shaft was sunk in 
the rock at some little distance back from the edge of the bank, 



in which tlie wheels were placed, and a tunnel driven from the 
bottom of the shaft to the face of the bank for the discharge 
of the water after it liad passetl tlie wheels. In other cases 
a notch was cut into the face of the bank and the wheels 
placed in it. 

In all cases turliine wlieels of different makes, running on 
vertical axes were used. 

In 1881 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufac- 
turing Company put in a power plant for the purpose of sup- 
plying power to customers, delivered into their mills. The 
method adopted was as follows: 

A shaft twenty by forty feet was sunk to a depth of about 
eighty feet, and about two hundred feet back from the face of 
the higli liank from the liottom of this sliaft a tunnel was driven 
to the face of the bank for a tail race. The water was con- 
ducted to the bottom of this shaft in iron tubes and used on 
different turbines running on vertical axes. 

The power developed by these wheels (about fifteen hundred 
horse-power), was transmitted by shaft, fielting or rope dri\ e to 
various customers, all located within three hundred feet of the 
wheel pit. 

In 1886 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing 
Company secured a deed of portions of the slope fjetween the 
liigh bank and the river, and have since secured other portions, 
so that they are now at liberty to use this slope for mills and 
power houses. 

The advance in water wheel construction, and especially the 
development of the possiljility of transmitting power bv elec- 
tricity has made this one of the most valuable parts of their 
holdings. 

In the spring of 1892 the Cliff Paper Company being desir- 
ous of increasing their plant, by adding a wood pulp mill, to 
use about twenty-five hundred horse-power, leased sufficient 
water from the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufactur- 
ing Company, agreeing to take it from the tunnel through which 
the water was discharged from the outlet of the wheel pit just 
described. 

For the purpose of getting the machinery requiring the 
largest power near to the wheels it was decided to Ijuild a mill 
on the lower l)ank near the water's edge, and to place the jjulp 
making machinery in it, preparing the wood on the top of^ the 
bank, lowering it down ready for grinding and elevating the 
product. 



To dixert the stream of water flowing through the tunnel 
and confine it for use in the new mill, a short tunnel was driven 
into the face of the Ijank at a point about twentv feet below 
and twelve feet to the left of the mouth of the old tunnel. 

From the mouth of the new tunnel, an iron pipe eight feet 
in diameter was laid along the slope of the bank connecting 
with the tube ten feet in diameter, in the basement of the lower 
mill. From this tube the water is brought to the wheels on the 
first floor. Provision is tirade for the discharge of water into 
the tunnel direct from the canal in case the discharge from the 
mills does not furnish a sufficient supplv. 

It was decide<l to use two wheels to develop the required 
twenty-five hundred horse power and to couple the shaft of the 
water wheel to the shafts carrying the stones used for grinding 
the wood. 

It was therefore necessary that the wheels should be run at 
a speed of two hundred and twenty-five revolutions per minute. 
This requirement as well as the requirements of strength, pre- 
cluded the use of any of stock wheels in the market anil 
made a special design necessarv. 

Under the plans and specifications of W. C. Johnson, engi- 
neer for the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufacturing 
Company, who was also engineer for tlie Cliff Paper Company, 
the wheels were built bv James Leffel & Company of Spring- 
field, Ohio. (Interior of plant is shown in cut No. 2.) 

In i8q2 the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power & Manufactur- 
ing Company commenced an enlargement and improvement of 
its canal. The plan adopted was to widen the original channel 
to seventy feet and to make the new part fourteen feet deep. 
The canal is cut entirely through rock below the water line. 

The power for driving the drills on this work was obtained 
from an air compressor run by water power from the power 
station an<l transmitted along tlie line of the canal in pipes. 
The excavation was done by dredges and the flow of water 
through the canal was not interfered with. 

This improvement is now completed, and the canal has a 
capacity of atiout 3.000 cubic feet per second, giving a surplus 
power, after supplying the old leases, of about 40,000 horse- 
power. 

Work is still being carried on enlarging the canal to 14 feet 
deep and 100 feet wide. When this improvement is completed 
the canal will have a capacity of more than 100,000 horse- 
power. 



(73) 



Since this impro\ement h:is been completed a new power- 
house has been built for the purpose of supphins power 
tenants. 

For this new plant water is taken in an open canal from this 
hydraulic basin to a forebay thirty feet wide and twenty-two 
deep built near the edge of the high bank. From this forebay, 
penstock pipes built of flange steel eight feet in diameter, con- 
duct the water down over the high bank two hundred and ten 
feet to the site of the power house on the sloping bank at the 
edge of the water in the river below the Falls. 

The site of the power house was covered with broken and 
disintegrated rock, which had fallen from the bank during ages 
past, which covered the bed rock to a depth of from ten to 
seventy feet. 

For the removal of this loose material a Giant or Monitor, 
as it is termed was used. This is a machine throwing a stream 
of water from four to six inches in diameter, according to the 
size of the nozzle used, under pressure. It is verv largelv used 
in the western part of the United States for mining purposes, 
but has never been used m the east. This particular machine 
was purchased in San Francisco, Cal. 

The water to supply this machine was taken from the canal, 
and the pressure of^ two hundred and ten feet liead was suffi- 
cient to give a force which readily washed dow-n all the loose 
material into the river, uncovering a bed of sandstone upon 
which the power house is built, and from which the material of 
which it is liuilt was quarried. 

The power house building will be one hundred and eighty 
feet long by one hundred feet wide and will contain i6 wheels 
of about two-thousand horse-power each. One third of the 
length of the building is now constructed, and the second third 
is under construction. 

The wheels in this power house work under a head of two 
hundred and ten feet, which is the highest head under which 
water has ever been used for power in the quantity used in this 
plant. 

It was decided that water for the wheels should be supplied 
by a penstock leading from the forebav above described, ver- 
tically about one hundred and thirty-five feet to the top of the 
sloping bank, thence down the slope to the side of the station 
next to the bank, eight feet in diameter, connecting w-ith a sup- 
ply pipe ten feet in diameter, running horizontallv along the 
center of the tailrace from which the wheels would draw their 




Cut No. 2.— The Pulp Mill of the Cliff Paper Co. 

water, by connections from the bottom of the wheel case to the 
top of the supply pipe. In this connection, which is five feet in 
diameter, valves are pl.iced so that any wheel can be shut down 
independently of the others. The wheels standing directly over 
this trunk, tlischarge the water through draft tubes running 
down on either side of the supply pipe. (Shown in cut Xo. 3.) 

Under general plans and specifications of the engineer, a 
contract was let to James Leffel iS: Companv, of SpringfieUl, 
Ohio, for supplying the wheels now in use. The description of 
the wheels is as follows: — 

The wheel runners, in case of three wheels which run the 
generators of the Pittsburgh Reduction Comp.mv and which run 
at a speed of two hundred and fiftv re\olutions per minute, are 
se\enty-eight inches in diameter; in case of the other wheels, 
which run at three hundred re\ cilutions per minute, 66 inches in 
diameter. 

The rim of the runner (shown in cut Xo. 4) is the bucket 
ring, and is cast solid from gun metal bronze. On this rim are 
two sets of buckets taking water on face and discharging it at 
each side of the rim. The bucket ring is bolted to the spokes 




I - M - 1 ■ ! • ! t I : i i ■> 



r 



.k>- 



Cut No. 3. — Penstock and Po^we^ House. 

of cast iron center, the hub of which is keyed to the shaft nf 
hammered iron twenty feet in length. 

Surrounding the outside of the runner is a cylinder in which 
the gates are fitted. The gates are about twenty per cent less 
in number than the buckets. They arc hung on steel pins and 
open bv lifting one edge so that the direction in which the water 
enters the wheel is nearly tangential to the runner. 

Each gate has two arms which arc connected to the rings by 
means of which they are opened and closed. 

This work is enclosed in a cylindrical case eleven feet in 
diameter and four feet long, which is connected to the penstock 



by a sup])ly pipe five feet in diameter. On the side of this case 
elbows are fitted to which the draft tubes are connected. The 
shaft passes out through these elbows through stuffing bo.xes. On 
the insitle of the bo.xes lignum vita; steps are fastened, against 
which rings on the shaft work to prevent any motion in the shaft. 

Each end of the water wheel shaft is rigidly coupled to a 
direct current generator, capable of developing five liundred 
and si.xty kilowatts of electrical energy. The interior of the 
Power House as now built, is shown in cut Xo. 5. 

The ofiicers of the Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and 
Manufacturing Company are : 

Jacob F. Schoellkopf, President. 

\V. D. Olmstead, \'ice-President. 

Arthur Schoellkopf, .Secretary and Treasurer. 

W. C. Johnson, Engineer. 




Cut No. 4.— The Bucket Ring 1 Water- wheel 1. 



(75) 



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Cut No. 5. — Interior Power House, Niagara Falls Hydraulic & Manufacturing Co. 




Views on the Line of the Buffalo & Niagara Falls Electric Ry.. near Cayuga Island, the Site of the Pan-American Exposition of 1899. (77) 




(75' 



The International Hotel. 




International Hotel, from Bridge over the American Rapids. 



(79) 



THE INTERNATIONAL HOTEL. 

'T'HIS is the largest, best, and the leading hotel of Niagara 
Falls. It is situated on the block surrounded by Main, 
Falls and Bridge streets, and the New York State Park 
Reservation, the latter lying between the hotel and the Ameri- 
can rapids. The river, rapids, and the beautiful islands are all 
in plain sight from the windows of the International facing the 
north, south, and west. The front of the building is on Falls 
and Main streets, the two principal thoroughfares of the city. 
The hotel has a nice little park of its own, into which the 
dining room extends, and upon which its windows open on two 
sides, making it delightfully cool and pleasant during the 
heated term. The house is substantially built of brick and 
Niagara limestone ; the kitchen and laundry are in separate 
buildings, thus avoiding heat and odors, and insuring safety 
from fire. 

The International can safely accommodate 600 guests, and 
during the months of July and August of each season, for 
nearly forty years, this popular hotel has been full. The sea- 
son usually e.xtends from May 15 to Xox'ember i, but the two 
hot months are the busiest ones for the hotels at the Falls. At 
this time the International is the center of attraction for the 
best class of visitors at this resort, and guests from other hotels 
gather here to meet their friends and enjoy the festivities of 
various kinds which follow each other in quick succession. It 
is a rule with the proprietor and managers of this hotel to 
amuse as well as entertain their guests, and therefore they 
have dances in the ball-room, musicals in the grand parlor, and 
private theatricals in their own park. An excellent orchestra 
is also engaged for the season, and several concerts are given 
daily. 

Those contemplating visits during the busy months would 
do well to write for rooms and rates. A diagram will be fur- 
nished showing location of rooms, and rates will be made upon 
application. The regular rates are S3.50 to S5.00 per day, or 
S17.50 to S28.00 per week. All communications should be ad- 
dressed to International Hotel Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. 




(80) 



Table Rock in Winter. 




The Cataract House. 



(8i> 




K^^y 



The Cataract House, from Bridge over the American Rapids. 




THE CATARACT HOUSE. 



n^HIS is (liie uf Ihe lar.t;eit 
A hi 



'The White Man's Fancy." 



il oldest 
hotels in Niagara Falls. Part of the 
building was erected and opened as a hos- 
telry in 1822. The Cataract, in all these 
years since its opening, has maintained a 
reputation for all that is excellent in a 
hotel, and has entertained a greater num- 
ber of distinguished people, both for- 
eigners and Americans, than most any 
(ither hotel in the United States. 

The hotel is situated nearly on the banks 
uf the Niagara, having only the narrow 
part of the Park of the New York State 
Reservation between. This Park also ex- 
tends to the south side; the front being on 
Main street, the hotel and grounds occu- 
pving one whole block. Two wings ex- 
tend towards the American rapids, and 
from the windows of all parts of the house 
facing south and west, magnificent views 
of the river and rapids are seen; also Goat 
Island and other adjacent landscape. 

The Cataract House can accommodate 
between 400 and 500 guests, and at times, 
in the busy season, every room is occupieil 
bv the best class of visitors that come to 
Niagara. In the map room and parlors of 
this hotel will be found oil paintings of 
the Falls, Rock of .Ages, The Maid of tlu- 
Mist (or white man's fancy 1. and the orig 
inal of the legend of the " Indian Maiden 
and the White Canoe "I or red man's facti, 
together with maps of Niagara from its 
early history to the present time. 

In a leaflet issued by this hotel we notice 
this : "The Cataract House neither seeks 
for nor caters to large excursions; Init now, 
more than ever before, looks for, caters to 
and entertains that large class of persons 
who desire and will have the very best 
the market affords." 

(83) 




'The Red Man's Fact.' 




iifii*irjiniiiPirtTrtn>if'i*nii^ 




tin 






t.\ 




(84) 



The Clifton House. 




On Goat Island. 



THE CLIFTON HOUSE. 

IVro hotel in Niagara Falls is better known the world over 
-'■^ than is the Clifton House, which Occupies a prominent posi- 
tion at the very verge of the cliff facing ooth cataracts, and at 
the entrance to the beautiful Queen \'ictoria Park. 

Tourists, noblemen, and students from all parts of the globe 
have registered tlieir names and enjoyed the hospitalitv at the 
Clifton, and during the season, this is one of the busiest resort 
hotels in America. The building is a substantial brick and 
stone structure and arranged with an idea for the comfort and 
convenience of its guests. The broad verandas extending 
along each story of the liotel furnish promenades and an 
unobstructed view of the gorgeous scenery of Niagara, and are 
\eritable bow-ers of palms and flowers, lending additional at- 
tractions to the beauty of the picture of which the hotel is the 
central figure. In the hot summer tfays. tfie spray laden air as 
it kisses the clouds above, purifies and cools the sun-parched 
earth, and renders life at the Clifton most enjoyable. 

The view from the Clifton is unsurpassed. The great gorge 
stretching away in the distance, the falls pouring streams of 
solid sprav into the mad waters below, beyond the green land- 
scape of Victoria Park with here and there a touch of red or 
vellow in the beds of flowers, the cool retreats where one can 
sit and watch the roaring waters fall, the whole making a pic- 
ture that artist's brush has failed to reproduce in all its glory. 

Close f:)y is the Suspension Bridge, and a five minutes' walk 
takes the tourist to Prospect Park, the American Falls, and 
several attractions which one must see in order to enjoy Niag- 
ara. Trollev cars pass the hotel and carry tourists to the Duf- 
ferin Islands, Chippewa, the Whirlpool, and Queenston. 

The Clifton has accommodations for three hundred guests, 
and is under the personal management of Mr. G. M. Colburn, 
one of America's most successful resort hotel men. The cuisine 
of the Clifton is une.\celled and has made this house a popular 
stopping place. Mr. Colburn takes pride in the perfectness of 
arrangements for the enjoyment of his guests. The season 
opens in Mav and closes in November, and in this time, the 
register is positive evidence of the popularity of this hotel. 

The Clifton is within easv reach of the 'Michigan Central, 
New York Central, and all lither railwavs entering Niagara 
Falls. 



(Sj) 



THE TEMPERANCE 
HOUSE. 

"T^HIS popular hotel is situated 
■*■ immediately opposite the New 
York Central Railroad Depot, on 
Second street, about two hundred 
feet north of Falls, the primipal 
l)usiness street of Niagara. 

The location is desirable on ac- 
count of its nearness to the depot, 
business, banks, etc., making it es- 
pecially handy for commercial men 
as well as visitors to the great cata- 
ract. 

The hotel can accommodate 
over one hundred guests, and is 
one of the neatest and cleanest we 
have ever visited; a stay there will 
be found in every way satisfactory. 
Light and air abound, the house 
having no near building to cut 
out either ; and in summer time an 
abundance of shade surrounds the 
building. 

Mr. Hubbs, the proprietor of 
the Temperance House, is also 
the owner of this valuable prop- 
erty, and makes an agreeable host. 

His chief clerk, Mr. \Vm. T. Phelps, has been with the house 
a number of years, and always makes friends among the 
guests of the house by his pleasing manners and genial dis- 
position. 

Mr. Hubbs owns two fine teams of horses and two carriages, 
one with two seats and one with three, which he keeps for the 
accommodation of the guests of the house who desire to ride 




The Temperance House. 

aliout the Falls anil the best points of observation and interest, 
for which his charges are very reasonable ; parties of two to 
five, one dollar per hour, or three dollars for the round trip. 
His drivers are very competent and trustworthy young men, 
and a ride with them will he found a very agreeable one. 

Hotel rates one dollar and fifty cents to two doll.irs ])er day. 
or nine dollars per week. 



(87) 




The Columbia Hotel. 

THE COLUMBIA HOTEL. 

^■"'HE COLUMBIA is situated on tlie ncirtlieast corner of 
-'- First and Niagara streets, one block north of Falls street, 
tlie principal business tfioroughfare of the city, and aliout one 
block from the depots. It is a brick structure, four stories 
high, well arranged, nicely furnished, tidily kept and a very 



excellent hotel. The office, parlor 
and dining room are all on the 
first floor; the three upper floors 
are divided into sleeping apart- 
ments, en suite and single. 

The situation of the Columbia, 
in the midst of private residences, 
quiet and retired, makes it a very 
desirable location for ladies and 
families who visit the Falls and 
])refer such surroundings, with 
their beautiful shady streets and 
walks. 

The hotel has ample accommo- 
dations for about one hundred 
guests. 

Mr. C. R. Phelps, the proprie- 
tor, for a number of years was 
connected with the Temperance 
House, six years as clerk and two 
as proprietor; and the friends he 
made there will be pleased to 
renew the acquaintance at the 
Columbia, where they will receive 
a hearty welcome. Mr. Phelps 
owns a handsome team of horses 
and a three-seated extension top 
victoria, and employs an obliging 
and trusty driver to take guests 
and private parties of two to five to the different points of 
interest about the Falls, over the new Suspension Bridge to 
Canada and the \'ictoria Park, from which the very best 
views of Niagara Falls can be had. His rates are one dollar 
per hour, or three dollars for the round trip, requiring about 
one-half day. 

Hotel rates Si. 50 to §2. 50 per day, or Sg to S12 per week. 




THE NIAGARA HOUSE. 

THIS is one of the oldest hotels in Niagara Falls, having 
been established about the middle of the present century 
and being at one time the only competitor of the Cataract Hotel. 
The rooms for guests number forty-two, and many of them 
open into suites of con\enient number for families and tourist 
parties. The entire building has been refitted and refurnished 
throughout witfi the best of modern furnishings. 



The location of the Niagara House is convenient for travel- 
ers. Prospect Park and the American Falls are but two 
minutes' walk from the Niagara House, and an excellent car- 
riage service is maintained in connection with the hotel. 

The Niagara House is located at 410-412 Main street, and is 
under the management of Mr. P. P. Pfohl, one of the popular 
young business men of Niagara Falls. He is assisted by Mr. 
Eugene Hall. Rooms maybe secured in advance bv addressing 
Mr. Pfohl. 



(■891 



SALT'S NEW HOTEL. 

A AIONG the best of the smaller hotels in Niagara Falls is 
-^*- the New Salt, 355-357 Second avenue, between the New 
York Central and Erie depots, and which is under the man- 
agement of Francis H. Salt and Stephen J. Tobey, two of the 
hustling young hotel men of the city. The house was erected 
by John Salt in iSgo, Mr. Salt being succeeded by his son and 
Mr. Tobey one year later. 

Salt's New Hotel has accommodations for seventv-five 
guests, and the conveniences are the best. The local electric 
cars pass the door and the cars of the Gorge railway may also 
be taken from this point. 

Messrs. Salt & Tobey are particularly proud of the cuisine 
of their hostelry, and the house is deservedly popular. Rates 
S2 per day. 





Salt's New Hotel. 



THE PARK SIDE INN 

TS LOCATED opposite the Queen Victoria Park and opposite 
the American Falls of Niagara. The Horseshoe Falls, a 
short distance above, are partially hidden from view by the 
beautiful shade trees of the Park, but in winter both falls are 
in plain view. It is one of the most charming spots on the 
Canadian shore, and in the season is a resort for wheelmen 
and tourists. 

There are accommodations for fifty guests, and a private 
dining hall for regular guests. Rates S2 to §2. 50 per day, and 
Sio per week. 

The Park-Side Inn is one block from the suspension bridge 
and convenient to depots. Lighted throughout by elec- 
tricity. 

Rooms secured in advance by addressing Mrs. W. J. 
McRoy, proprietor, or R. Laird, manager. 



(<)o) 




THE HARVEY HOUSE 

] S LOCATED on Third street, just ndrth nf the New 
-'■ York Central depot, and within one minute walk of 
the Erie depot. The Harvey is of brick construction, 
three stories high, and accommodates eighty guests. 
|ohn Maloney is proprietor and owner. Free bus main- 
tained in connection with the hotel. Rates S2 per day. 
Rooms can be secured in ad\ ance for parties or families 
bv addressing Mr. Malonev. 



UNITED STATES HOTEL. 

'T^HIS hotel, established in 1870 at the soutliwest corner 
•*■ of Falls street and Second avenue, is one of the most 
fortunate in point of location. It is opposite the K. Y. Cen- 
tral depot, and one block from the Erie. Local electric 
lines ])ass the door, also cars of the Gorge and Niagara 
Falls & Buffalo Electric Railways. The hotel is three 
stories, of brick construction, and accommodates 50 guests. 
August Rickert, manager, has had years of experience in 
catering to the public taste. Rates S2 ])er dav. 



•**rgjr| 











ExLxr-Eja:.. 





The Colonnade Hotel. 



COLONNADE HOTEL. 



OPPOSITE the Erie depot, and just one block from the 
Union depot, is situated the Colonnade Hotel, uhicli was 
erected in i88g, and which, under the management of Canavan 
& Donnelly, has become a popular hostelry. 

The Colonnade is a three-story building, with accommoda- 
tions for fifty guests; fitted out with electric bells and modern 
conveniences, and being but three blocks from the Falls of 
Niagara, is a convenient stopping place for tourists. Carri- 
ages mav be secured from the management of the Colonnade. 
Rates si. 50 to S2 per day. Rooms engaged in advance by 
communicating with the management. 



THE ELDORADO AT YOUNGSTOWN. 

T^HE \isitor to Niagara Fall who desires to pass a few hours 
■'■ or a few days at historic old Fort Niagara or the fishing 
grounds in the vicinity, should enjoy the hospitality of Land- 
lord Steele of the EIDorado Hotel on the banks of the Niagara 
river as it sweeps majestically out into Lake Ontario. The El- 
Dorado is a modern hotel, erected by Mr. F. C. Steele, formerly 
proprietor of the Brackett House at Rochester, and who knows, 
as the writer can attest, how to care for guests. 

From the promenade over the dining hall the picture that 
surrounds the visitor is a remarkably beautiful one. Across 
the ri\er is Niagara-on-the-Lake, seven miles above is Brock's 
monument looming up midst a lilue sky and in a mass of 







The EIDorado. 



(92) 



deep green verdure; the broad ri\er winding in and out as 
it leaves Lewiston and carrying with it the sweet perfume of 
the flowers an<l woodlands. I5elow are the old fort an<l tlie 
life-saxing station. 

Above the hotel is a tower, free to all guests, from which on 
a clear day, one can view Toronto, 36 miles distant, and the 
vision sweeps the shores of the great lake and intensities the 
pictures from below, many fold. 

In front of the ElDorado pass the cars of the Lewiston S; 
Voungstown Frontier Railroad, with connections every fifteen 
minutes for Xiagara Falls \ia the Gorge Route or the 
N. Y. C. R. R. 

Below is a boat house, where fisliing tackle and floats are 
furnished for a dav's sport, and nowhere can more delicious or 
gamey bass be found than here. 

The hotel accommodates 100 guests. Rates, S2 per ilay and 
upwards, and Sio per week and upwards. 





WILSON AND LAKE ISLAND PARK. 

'"PHIS is one of the most charming and delightful summer 
-•■ resorts near Xiagara Falls: it is located on Lake Ontario, 
at the mouth of the Tuscarora river, ten miles from the Xiag- 
ara river and sixteen miles from this city. The Tuscarora is 
na\ igable for some distance, and is protected at its mouth by 
two large piers running out into the lake forming a very prctt\ 
harbor for all kinds of vessels. 

The islands formed by the turns and outlets of the river are 
beautifully wooded and dotted here and there by pretty cot- 
tages. Lake Island Park is owned by Walter X. Harris and 
Thomas C. Walton, and is a very popular place, bemg \ isited 
throughout the summer season by [leople from all the surround- 
ing country, Xiagara Falls and Toronto; quite a number of the 
visitors to Xiagara Falls spend one or two days of their sojourn 
in this region at this pleasant resort. The group of half tones 
which we use to illustrate Lake Island Park is from photos 
by our special artist. 



The Tower Hotel, Wilson. 



(«) 



The tower hotel, a handsome half-tone of which may be 
found among our illustrations, is the best and most popular at 
Wilson; it is new and of modern construction, ha\ ing all the 
latest conveniences. Mr. A. F. Bowker. the proprietor, is a 
most agreeable gentleman and has agreed to take good care of 
any of our friends who favor him with a visit. 

Wilson is on the line of the Rome, Watertown & Ogdens- 
burg Rv., and is also reached by a number of boats from points 
on the lake. 




The Old Frontier at LevA/iston. 



NIAGARA IN ART. 

■\TOTWlTHSTANDIXG the fact that we have secured 140 
-'■^ photos, by Neilson, Curtis and Koonz, from which the sub- 
jects for our engra\ings were selected and reproduced, we have 
also engaged a beautiful picture, in oil, of the Horseshoe Falls, 
from Prof. F. Harold Hayward, the well-known artist of Mt. 
Clemens, Mich., who is now summering at Niagara, having 



rooms at the popular Cataract House. Prof. Hayward, whom 
we have known favorably for several years, is an artist of note 
and abilitv, and we predict that his paintings of Niagara are 
sure to gain for him a naticjnal reputation. 

We beliexe we have thus jjresented the finest and most com- 
pletely illustrated publication ever devoted to the beauties of 
the Falls, although the most expert photographer admits his in- 
ability to more than vaguely portray the beauties of the region. 



(94) 





N,ue;ara Surface Coating Co., Manufacturing Paper for " Cutters Guide." 



Below Table Rock. 



195) 



EXPENSES AT NIAGARA FALLS. 



CINCE the opening of the two beautiful parks, one on each 
side of Niagara, the Falls can be seen from every desira- 
ble point of view free of cost. The expenses generally are as 
cheap as at any resort. 

Street cars to any part of the city, witli transfers. .. .S 05 

Toll, new Suspension Bridge 10 

Toll, new Suspension Bridge, round trip 15 

Tolls to Steel Arch Bridge round trip 10 

Park Carriages. Goat Island, round trip 15 

Incline Railway, round trip . . 10 

Gorge Route to Lewistun 35 

Gorge Route to Lewiston, round trip 60 

Electric Line to Oueenston, Canada 35 

Electric Line to Queenston, Canada, round trip 60 

Electric Line to Chippewa and return 25 

Electric Line, round trip to both of the above 75 

Burning Springs 50 

Lender Horse Shoe Falls fnmi Tal:tle Rock, including 

guide and suit 50 

Whirlpool Incline Railway, Canada 50 

Buttery Elevator (300 feet) to Whirlpool Rapids, 

each way 25 

To ascend stairs to top of Brock's Monument 35 

Steamer "Maid of the Mist," round trip, including 

waterproof suit 50 

"Cave of the Wind," including guide and waterproof 

suit I 00 

Lewiston, Youngstown and Fort Niagara 55 

Lewiston, Youngstown and Fort Niagara, round trip i 00 

Carriage hire, one to four passengers, per hour i 00 

Carriage hire, one to four passengers, one-half day. . 3 00 

Carriage hire, one to four passengers, all day 5 00 

Three and four-seat conveyances, five to eight pas- 
sengers, each per hour, 25c.; one-half day 4 00 

Regular meals at restaurants 25 & 30 

Regular meals at hotels 50 to 1.25 



HOTEL RATES. 
American Side. 

FER DAY. 

American Hotel .^i.oo to 1.5.0 

Walker House i. 00 to 2.00 

Western Hotel i.^o to 2.00 

Central Hotel. i.oo to 2.00 

Colonnade Hotel. . - . 1.50 to 2.00 

Columbia Hotel t.;o to 2.50 

European Hotel i.oo to 2.00 

Exchange i .00 to 2.00 

Falls Hotel i.oo to 2.00 

Harvey House 2.00 

Atlantique i.oo to 2.00 

Hotel Dolphin iSo to 2.00 

Imperial Hotel 2.00 to 3.00 

Nassau Hotel 2.00 

International 3-oo to 5.00 

Hotel Schwartz i.|;o to 2.5,0 

Niagara Falls House 1.^0 to 2.00 

Prospect House .;.oo to S-5o 

Salt's New Hotel 2.00 

Temperance House i,;q to 2,00 

Tower Hotel 2.50 to 3.00 

United States Hotel '. . . 2.00 

Windsor House 1.00 

Niagara House - ■ 2.00 to 3.00 

Cataract House -■ 4.00 to 5-oo 



Canadian Side. 



The Hotel La Fayette. 
The Clifton House. .. 
The Windsor House . . . 

TheRosli 

The .American Hotel. . , 
The Arlington 
Park Side Inn. - 

Victoria Hall 

The Imperal 



. S2.C0 to 3.00 
. 3.00 to 4.00 
. I. So to 2.00 
. 2.00 to 3.00 
. 1.50 to 2.00 

I.oo 
, 2.00 to 2.50 
. 1.00 to 2.00 
I.oo to 1.50 



PER WEEK, 

S6.00 to 7.00- 
6.00 to 8.00 
6.00 to 8.00 
voo to 7.00 
7.00 to 10.00 
8.00 to 10.00 
6.00 to S.oo 
6.00 to S.OO' 

7.00 to 10.00 

7.00 to 10.00 

7.00 to 9.00 

6.00 to 8.00 

8.00 to 15.00 

8 00 to 10.00 

17.5,0 to 28.00 

S.oo to 10.00 

7.00 to 10.00 

8.00 to 10.00 

9.00 
8.00 to 12.00 
7.00 to 10.0c 
5.00 to 6.00 
9.00 to 12.00 
17.50 to 28.00 



$10.00 to 15.00 
iS.oo to 28.0a 

10.00 
12.00 

7.00 

4.00 

lO.CO 

6.00 to s.oo 

4. CO 



*96) 



WALTER W. STEELE, OSTEOPATHIC INFIRMARY, 

Niagara Falls, N. Y. 



THE DISCOVERY OF OSTEOPATHY. 

"^^HE revolt against our grandsire"s medicine chest, witli its 

ounce of quinine, its box of blue-mass, and its cup of 

ipecac, (not to mention its castor oil or its rhubarb) has been 

going on for years. But for a time no substitute could be found. 

Health resorts, mineral waters, dietary and physical-culture 
tactics were all tried and found helpful but insufficient. The 
water cure gave promise of great good, but it too, was found 
wanting. In Faith Cure and Christian Science strength for a 
prostrate will was discovered, whereby this same will was en- 
abled to resume control of bodily functions and often effect a 
cure. 

But ail of these systems were lamentably at fault, and e\ery 
thoughtful physician felt that many diseases were beyond his 
control that should be within it. Still as a rule they bent their 
minds to the discovery of new drugs or more curious operations 
of surgery. 

However one quaint character among them began, not a 
study directed by others along beaten paths, but an original 
study of bones. This physician was Andrew T. Still, M. D., and 
his first skeletons came from the historic Indian mounds of our 
great Mississippi valley. Death in his own family made him 
bitterly question the efficacy of materia medica; and caused 
him to turn his attention to the discoverv of new and better 
curative methods. 

Out of this search and research, not so much of books as of 
nature, grew piece by piece, fact by fact, the science of Osteo- 
pathy. Parts of the science were used before Dr. Still himself 
understood the whole, or had discovered the fundamental prin- 



ciple; and when at last he felt that he had grasped the great idea 
of Life, Health and Cure, and held it in his hand ready to be ap- 
plied, he had few adherents. Devotion to one idea had left him 
without money, friends or influence. But he gave the benefit of 
his idea freely to the poor, and it was not long till the rich were 
begging for it. 

The labor soon became too great for one, and new operators 
were trained under the careful and critical eye of Dr. A. T. Still 
himself; and soon there grew up under his special supervision, a 
large school of Osteopathy. The demand for operators has 
been larger than the supply, and the labor thus thrown on the 
"Old Doctor," as he is lovingly called, has been a severe tax. 

Whenever an operator is thoroughly fitted for his task, there 
is a place waiting for him, and patients eagerly gather about 
him, coming hundreds of miles. 

WHAT IS OSTEOPATHY? 

The name itself, comes from two Greek words. Osteon, 
bone; and Pathos, feeling. The bones being the frame work, 
the foundation, as it were, of the human being, an<l their proper 
adjustment being of prime importance, they were given the 
honor of naming the new science. 

But the name is of small importance, the essence of the 
science being of principal interest. The foundation of this 
science is the idea expressed in the first chapter of Genesis, 
when God looked upon his handiwork and declared that it was 
"very good." 

Man was made to be a well adjusted, unclogged niachinc 
capable of action and labor until, worn by the friction of advanc- 
ing years, work ceases and eternal rest begins. 



(97) 



When this machine is out of order the Osteopath, by manip- 
uhition, replaces the slipped cog, wherever it may be; removes 
the pressure from muscles, nerves and ligaments; opens up the 
obstructed passages; by gentle measures, persuades nature to 
use the oil flasks of the body, and the human machine is in 
good order again and ready for its allotted task. Many a 
woman has made herself sick by the heavy exertion she has 
used to run a sewing machine when a readjusting of the parts, 
a little cleaning of the wheels, a tightening of the gear, or a drop 
of oil, would have done the work easily. No new fuel is added 
by the Osteopath to the fire already choked with ashes; nor the 
body mutilated when it should be simply straightened. 

A few months ago it was the custom to laugh at the Osteo- 
path's diagnosis of misplaced bones, but now that the X Rav is 
showing the slipped vertebrae of the spinal column incredulity 
must give way to belief, and it must be owned that the extra- 
ordinary cures are not mere accidents but the happy results of 
a knowm science. 

You must understand that tlie Osteopath has no quarrel with 
surgery, recognizing that there are extreme cases where its use 
is a necessity. At many times, however, where surgery has 
heretofore been used, the trained fingers of the Osteopath do 
the work without its intervention; and humanity can scarcely 
be thankful enough for the science that rescues them from the 
misery of the drug and the knife. 

The truths of Osteopathy as enunciated by its teachers are 
as follows; — i 

1. Man is a machine. 

2. He is created perfect. 

3. When he gets out of order, the means of readjustment 
are within himself. 

4. Drugs cannot create any part of this machine; nor re- 
place any disturbed portion of it. 

5. And this is all any physician is called upon to do. 



6. He, by the use of his theories, cannot dn it. 

7. The Osteopath can and does. 



8. When man is out of order, remove the obstruction and 
let nature do its work. 

1.. The efforts of nature at repairing are siinpU marvelous. 

WHAT CAN OSTEOPATHY CURE? 

The question is asked time and again, What can Osteopathy 
cure? As if they thought it a dose of quinine to be taken for 
chills and fever, or a Salvation Oil to be rubbed on for rheuma- 
tism! 

But if Osteopathy is anything, it is the Science of Restoring 
Healtli. It has its fundamental principles and its trutlis built 
upon them. The application of these truths is the part of 
the D. O. Here it is that the science w'ill grow and perfect 
itself, make new discoveries and perform new cures. 

Its principles have already been successfully applied in the 
reducing of inflammation and fevers, in the quick relief of dis- 
locations of hip, ankle and wrist joints; in relieving nervous 
diseases, eye and ear troubles, in unclogging and stimulating 
the digestive apparatus; in regulating the circulation; in quiet- 
ing the nerves; and by means of a sensitive touch, locating the 
dislocation, pressure or obstruction, whatever or wherever it 
may be, that is causing the trouble. 

So many stories are told of the wonderful working of this 
science in the curing of diseases, that the simplicity of its 
teaching arouses incredulity. But, as has been said, "The 
greatest Truths are the simplest: so are the greatest Men." 

In the past six months Osteopathy has been recognized by 
the Legislatures of Vermont, Missouri, North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Michigan, Wisconsin, Colorado, North Carolina and 
Illinois. There are three schools in which the science is taught: 
The American School of Osteopathy, Andrew T. Still, Pres. 
Kirksville, Mo. Being the oldest and best known. 

Walter W. Steele, D. O. the head of the Niagara Falls insti- 
tution has performed many remarkable cures and references 
will be furnished upon application. 



(9S) 



LIMITED RATES TO NIAGARA FALLS. 



Adrian. Mich ^86o 

Albert Lea. Minn ^-^ $=; 

Albany. N. V 6 i.; 

Altoona. Pa . 7 S^ 

Ann Arbor. Mich 8 02 

Akron, Ohio o 60 

Allan. Ill iS So 

Atchison, Kan 25 55 

Atlanta. Ga 21 so 

Auburn, N. V 308 

Augusta. Ga 2615 

Augusta. Me 14 6> 

Austin. Te\ .%') 90 

B mgor. Me lb b^ 

Bar Harbor. Me 17 15 

Baltimore. Md 1000 

BattleCreek. Mich 8 81 

Bav City. Mich 7 9S 

Bellefontaine, Ohio q 20 

Billings. Mont 57 "^5 

Bloomington, 111. ih '<o 

Bonhani, Te\ 3S 20 

Boston. Mass 10 i; 

Brattleboro. Vt q ig 

Brenham. Tex 39 10 

Bristol, Tenn 20 70 

Buffalo, N. Y SS 

Burlington, Iowa iq 22 

Butler, Pa s q5 

Cairo. Ill iq 2; 

Canton. Ohio 6 Sr 

Centralia, 111 ^9 oS 

Chautauqua, N. V 255 

Cheyenne, Wyo 41 6s 

Chartestou. S. C 27 76 

Cliattanooga, Tenn iq 50 

Chicago, 111., via G.T.Rv. 1200 
Chicago. Ill . via M. C. 

R. R 13 05 

Cleveland. Ohio 55^ 

Cincinnati, Onio 1225 

Circleville. Ohio q 75 

Columbia. S. C 2615 

Columbus. Ohio q 15 

Council Bluffs, luwa 2^ ?o 

Dallas. Tex ^20^ 

Danville. \'a..- "iS 33 

Dayton. Ohio 10 5S 

Deadwood. S. D. 44 ?S 

Decatur. Ala 24 93 



Decatur, lil ;;r7 45 

Denison,Tex 3825 

Denver, Colo 42 5,5 

I>es Moines. Iowa 2315 

Detroit. Mich fa 90 

Deur Lodge. Mont. . .. 59 5,0 

Delaware. (.)!iio 8 40 

Duhitli, Minn. . 24 50 

Dubuque, low i I54S 

Dunkirk. N*. V i .76 

Elmira. N. V 3 45 

Erie. Pa 3 05 

El Paso. Tex . 50 =io 

Emporia, Kan 2885 

Evansville. Ind 18 31; 

Fort Dorige. luwa 24 if 

Fort Scott. Kan 27 60 

Fort Worth. Tex 37 75 

Fort Wayne. Ind ic bo 

Galveston, Tex 4060 

Grafton. \V. \*a 10 40 

Green Bay, Wis 18 q5 

Greenville. Tex 3? 3o 

Grand Island. Neb 30 i; 

Grand Rapids, Mich q 8S 

Guthrie, Oka. Ter 34 95 

Harrisburg, Pa <S 5q 

Hartlord. Ct 8 qq 

Harpers Ferr>, \'a 11 64 

Helena, Mont 59 So 

Holly Springs, Miss.. .. 2480 

Hot Springs, Ark , 2q 00 

Houston, Tex 29 10 

Indianapolis, Ind 13 25 

Iowa City. Iowa 19 64 

Jackson, Mich 8 Si 

Jackson. Miss 2q 50 

lacksonville. Fla 3o 25 

Junction City, Kan 2q 31 

Jamestown. N. V 2 66 

Kalamazoo, Mich q 49 

Kansas City, Mo 2> So 

Key West, Fla 4q 15 

Knoxville, Tenn 2020 

LaCrosse. Wis - 20 S6 

Laiayette. Ind 1^87 

Lancaster. Pa 9 2S 

Lansing. Mich 7 q4 

Laredo, Tex 46 So 



Leavenworth, Kan S25 55 

Lewiston. Me 13 Oo 

Lexing:ton, Ky 146; 

Lincoln, Neb 27 40 

Lima, Ohi j q 30 

Little Rock, Ark . 27 00 

Louisvil e, Kv '5 75 

Lynchburg, \'a 10 20 

Mackinaw, Mich i3 40 

Madison, Wis i6 92 

Manstield, Ohio. 7 8j 

Marietta, Oliio 10 4= 

Mattoon. Ill 1/ 10 

Me.idvilie. Pa 4 55 

Memphis. Tenn 24 15 

Mevidan, M.s-^ 27 iS 

Mexico City. Mex 32,^0 

Milwaukee. Wis i5 55 

Moorehead, Minn 31 53 

Mt. Clemens, Midi 6 52 

Nashville. Tenn 21 25 

Nebraska City. Neb 26 oo 

New Haven. Ct q O4 

New Orleans, La 30 ^o 

Oil City. Pa ' 4 u-s 

Oiympia. Wash 74 50 

Omaha, Neb 2^ 7^ 

Oshkosh, Wis 17 97 

Palatka.Fla 32 2^ 

Palestine. Tex .. 3615 

Parkersburg. W. Va 10 75 

Peoria. Ill i? 25 

Petoskey. Mich 13 40 

Philadelphia. Pa 9 25 

Pittsburgh. Pa 5 95 

Pittsfie'd, Mass 7 32 

Piqiia, Ohio 10 20 

Portland, Ore 74 So 

Portland, Me 131=^ 

Port Huron. Mich s 65 

Prairie du Chine. Wis... iq 79 

Pueblo. Colo 42 50 

Red Cloud, Neb 3150 

Richmond, Ind 11 6$ 

Rochester. N. V. 152 

Rock Island, 111 1797 

Rome. X. V 3 qo 

Sao^inaw, Mi-. I 7 qo 

Salem, Ore. 7~ 5: 



SaltLake City, Utah.. ..:^54 50 

Saratoga. N. Y 6 54 

.San Antonio. Tex .... 42 20 

Sandusky, Ohio 735 

San Francisco Cal 75 55 

Sault Ste. Mar.e. Mich... 15 05 

Savannah. Ga 28 70 

Seattle. Wash 74 So 

-■^elnia. Ala 26 45 

Shreveport. La 33 00 

.^lierman, Tex 35 60 

Sioux Citv. Iowa 2575 

Sioux Falls. S. D. 26 6b 

Spokane, W; s 1 69 50 

Springheld, \i... s . 849 

.St. Augustine, Fla 32 25 

Sifubenvill t*. Oimj 7 4S 

St. Louis. Mo tq 25 

St. Paul, Si inn 24 So 

St. Joseph. Mv». ._ 2S 50 

Superior City. Wis 24 50 

Syracuse, N. V 3 12 

Tacoma, W,:sh 74 50 

Tampa, Fla 3N 75 

Taylor, Tex. 39 >o 

Texarkana, Ark 31 35 

Terre Haute. Ind. iS 50 

Tiffin, Ohio 8 15 

Titusville. Pa 4 i5 

Toledo, Ohio 8 20 

Topeka. Kan 27 00 

Toronto, Canada (Boat). 1 50 
Toronto, Can. da (Rail). 2 6s 

Troy, N. V 6 15 

Urbana, Ohio 9 4S 

LItica, N. V 41^ 

Vicksburg. Miss 30 So 

Vincennes. Ind 16 75 

\'inita, Ind. Ter . 30 70 

Virginia Citv, Nev 78 so 

Waco. Tex.. 39 10 

Warren. Pa 3 22 

Washington. D. C 1120 

Waukesha, Wis iS 75 

Wheeling, W. \'a 7 95 

Williamsport. Pa 5 79 

Winnipeg. Manitoba v5 70 

Xenia, Ohio 10 50 

Zanesville. Ohio 9 .>5 



^^^^^^^^^V^ND^Al^,,^ 




Qv. 



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Michigan 
T entr al 

'THE NIAGARA FALLS ROUTE 






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A K1RST = CLASS LINE 

FOR KIRST-CLASS TKAVHL. 

THE ROUTE OF THE FAMOUS NORTH SHORE LIMITED. 




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NEW YORK, BOSTON, 



AND TO THE 



THOUSAND ISLANDS 



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MICHIGAN CENTRAL TRAIN AT FALLS VIEW STATION. 

Canadian Resorts, Green Mountains, White Mountains, Portland, 
and the New Ensrland Coast, Northern Michigan Resorts. 



Send ten cents for a SUMMER NOTE BOOK, illustrated and descriptive. 

O. \V. RIJCtOLES, 




■; ; t f' r t t" T 
1'/.* | HrCftI6flif ir, EVfBAL VJ 



^-TH[N[UiMr»us RouTi 



R H L'HOMVIEOIETI, 

General Sii])erintenck-nt, I)K'IR( )rr. 



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